2018 Porsche Panamera
The 2018 Porsche Panamera is sold in the U.S. as a plug-in hybrid and gas large hatchback with 16 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Panamera, is EPA-rated at 24 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 8 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 12 complaints, most often about the engine. Manufacturer pricing runs from $85,000 to $194,800 across 16 trims.

| Trim | Powertrain | Drive | MSRP | HP | Torque | MPG comb | Cargo (2nd row) | Wheels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panamera | Gas | RWD | $85,000 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | 24 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 | Gas | AWD | $89,600 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | 23 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 Sport Turismo | Gas | AWD | $96,200 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | — | 18.3 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 Executive | Gas | AWD | $96,300 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | 23 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 E-Hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $99,600 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | — | 14.3 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 E-Hybrid Sport Turismo | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $104,000 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | — | 15 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4 E-Hybrid Executive | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $104,100 | 330 hp | 331 lb-ft | — | 14.3 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4S | Gas | AWD | $103,000 | 440 hp | 405 lb-ft | 23 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4S Sport Turismo | Gas | AWD | $109,200 | 440 hp | 405 lb-ft | — | 18.3 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera 4S Executive | Gas | AWD | $113,900 | 440 hp | 405 lb-ft | 23 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 19 in |
| Panamera Turbo | Gas | AWD | $150,000 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Panamera Turbo Sport Turismo | Gas | AWD | $154,000 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | — | 18.3 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Panamera Turbo Executive | Gas | AWD | $160,000 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 17.6 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $184,400 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | — | 14.3 cu-ft | 21 in |
| Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Sport Turismo | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $188,400 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | — | 15 cu-ft | 21 in |
| Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Executive | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | $194,800 | 550 hp | 567 lb-ft | — | 14.3 cu-ft | 21 in |
MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.
Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Range | kWh/100mi | Charge (240V) | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panamera 4 e-Hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 20 | 25 | 22 (27 MPGe blended) | 16 mi electric | 59 | 3 h | $3,750 |
| Panamera 4 e-Hybrid Executive | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 20 | 25 | 22 (27 MPGe blended) | 16 mi electric | 59 | 3 h | $3,750 |
| Panamera 4 e-Hybrid ST | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 20 | 25 | 22 (27 MPGe blended) | 16 mi electric | 59 | 3 h | $3,750 |
| Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 19 | 23 | 21 (26 MPGe blended) | 14 mi electric | 67 | 3 h | $3,900 |
| Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid Executive | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 19 | 23 | 21 (26 MPGe blended) | 14 mi electric | 67 | 3 h | $3,900 |
| Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid ST | Plug-in hybrid | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo + 70 kW DC Brushless | 19 | 23 | 21 (26 MPGe blended) | 14 mi electric | 67 | 3 h | $3,900 |
| Panamera | Gas | RWD | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 28 | 24 | — | — | — | $3,400 |
| Panamera 4 | Gas | 4WD | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 27 | 23 | — | — | — | $3,550 |
| Panamera 4 Executive | Gas | 4WD | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 27 | 23 | — | — | — | $3,550 |
| Panamera 4 ST | Gas | 4WD | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 20 | 26 | 23 | — | — | — | $3,550 |
| Panamera 4S | Gas | 4WD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 28 | 23 | — | — | — | $3,550 |
| Panamera 4S Executive | Gas | 4WD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 28 | 23 | — | — | — | $3,550 |
| Panamera 4S ST | Gas | 4WD | 2.9L 6-cyl turbo | 20 | 26 | 22 | — | — | — | $3,750 |
| Panamera Turbo | Gas | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo | 18 | 25 | 21 | — | — | — | $3,900 |
| Panamera Turbo Executive | Gas | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo | 18 | 25 | 21 | — | — | — | $3,900 |
| Panamera Turbo ST | Gas | AWD | 4.0L 8-cyl turbo | 18 | 23 | 20 | — | — | — | $4,100 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 40225, 40226, 39960, 40055, 40056, 40057, 39352, 39353, 39354, 39919.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panamera 4 e-Hybrid, Panamera 4 e-Hybrid ST | 5 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay |
| Panamera 4 e-Hybrid Executive | 5 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV70 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay |
| Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid, Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid ST | 3 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 125 / California LEV-III ULEV125 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay |
| Panamera Turbo S e-Hybrid Executive | 3 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV125 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 125 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay |
| Panamera, Panamera 4 Executive, Panamera 4 ST, Panamera 4S | 5 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Panamera 4, Panamera 4S Executive, Panamera 4S ST | 5 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV70 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Panamera Turbo, Panamera Turbo Executive | 3 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 125 / California LEV-III ULEV125 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Panamera Turbo ST | 3 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV125 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 125 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2018 Porsche Panamera is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (8)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseElectrical System
APA1Electrical System
AKB8Electrical System
AKA5Electrical System
AKA1/AKA0Steering
AJ13Service Brakes, Hydraulic
AJ11Suspension
AJ06These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Electrical System:Propulsion System — Pedestrian alert sounds closed
NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after March 1, 2021. On January 27, 2023, NHTSA opened Defect Petition (DP) 22-005 to evaluate the subject mat
Opened Jan 27, 2023 · closed Aug 7, 2023 · action DP22005 · the investigation’s page →
Air Bags:Frontal:Passenger Side:Inflator Module — Desiccated Air Bag Inflator Rupture open
From 2000 through 2017, Takata produced millions of air bag inflators using two types of phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate ("PSAN") propellant -- propellant 2004 and propellant 2004L. After prolonged exposure to high temperature cycles and humidity, inflators using propellant 2004 can degrade, causing the propellant to burn too quickly when ignited. The rapid burning can cause the inflator to rupture during deployment, potentially causing serious or even fatal injury to vehicle occupants. See 2016 Blomquist Report at www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/expert_report-hrblomquist.pdf. Consequently, all frontal inflators using propellant 2004 that do not contain a "desiccant" (a subst
Opened Sep 17, 2021 · action EA21002 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific Panamera
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2018 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Porsche publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2018 Porsche Panamera, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2018 Porsche Panamera
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Panamera →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database1 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 1 injuries · 0 deaths reported
8.9 per 10,000 built · Porsche reported 13,479 Panamera built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2018: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2026: 1
Most-cited components
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
The main water pump on my 2018 Porsche Panamera 4S failed prematurely. This is not a simple external coolant leak; the internal seal failed, allowing pressurized engine coolant to migrate into the vehicle's vacuum system. The coolant traveled through the vacuum lines and contaminated the vacuum solenoids and change-over valves.
The ride height sensor on the right front suspension is mounted to the upper control arm via a plastic bolt and bracket. This plastic mounting component failed under normal driving conditions.
On my 4th visit to the Porsche dealership and the problem is still not resolved. There are MANY references to the same problem online. The problem: error message on the dash stating REVERSE NOT AVAILABLE and car goes into 3RD gear only and stays there.
Porsche dashboard leather shrunk and pealing out. Vehicle will not deploy the airbags if in accident. It needs to be replaced. It is a common issue. It is a safety hazard
The contact owns a 2018 Porsche Panamera. The contact received notification of the NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V033000 (Electrical System) however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The local dealer was contacted. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair.
The contact owns a 2018 Porsche Panamera. The contact stated that while driving approximately 70 MPH, the message "Engine Overheating - Park Vehicle" in red letters was displayed on the instrument cluster. The contact pulled over and turned off the vehicle. The contact stated that there was a burning odor inside the vehicle.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Porsche itself: 2 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 2 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 15 per 100,000 built. Every Panamera model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Porsche warranty extension 50-26-2Update to Warranty Information: Warranty Extension for Additional Coolant Pump
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Porsche warranty extension 18/26Warranty Information: Warranty Extension for Transmission Electronics Control Unit (18/26)
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Porsche warranty extension (5) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Engine, Electrical System, Unknown Or Other, Equipment, Power Train.
- No. 103-25-2 Service bulletin2026-09-23 · Fuel/Propulsion System
- Technical Information for Need to Replace Components of the High-Voltage Battery - High-Voltage Battery Control Unit / Cell module; No Mixed Installation Permitted: Observe Specified Approach
- No. 28-26 Service bulletin2026-09-22 · Power Train
- Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C40 Engine Oils. Note that this bulletin covers all models back to model year 1984, for which C40 engine oils are allocated.
- No. 27-26 Service bulletin2026-09-22 · Engine
- Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C20 Engine Oils. Note that the bulletin covers all models back to model year 1984, for which C20 engine oils are allocated.
- No. 26-26 Service bulletin2026-09-22 · Power Train
- Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C30 Engine Oils. Note that the bulletin includes all models back to model year 1984, for which C30 engine oils are allocated.
- No. 25-26 Service bulletin2026-09-22 · Engine
- Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche A40 Engine Oils. Note that this bulletin covers all vehicles from model year 1997 to 2020, for which A40 engine oils are assigned. Model years 1997-2001 are not available for selection in the system.
- SPTL2609 Service bulletin2026-09-14 · Wheels
- Special Tools and Equipment Information for alignment machines - Q3 2026 Software Spec Update Available
- No. 12-26 Service bulletin2026-09-01 · Electrical System
- Technical Information for Damage to Nano Plug Contacts Due to Utilization of Incorrect Measuring Equipment
- SPTL2314a Service bulletin2026-08-28 · Unknown Or Other
- Special Tools and Equipment Information for Diagnostic Equipment Standards for all USA Porsche Centers
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2018 Porsche Panamera failed the emissions check on 4.2% of first inspections — higher than the 3.0% for every 2018 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.70% (every 2018 vehicle: 1.9%).
failed emissions
430 initial inspections of 425 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2018 Panamera | Every 2018 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 4.2% | 3.0% | 429 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 0.70% | 1.9% | 430 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.70% | 0.22% | 430 |
| Miles driven a year | 6,151 | 10,002 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 50,848 | 82,833 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2018 vehicle” is every 2018 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Panamera by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2018 Panamera
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsHow much does the 2018 Porsche Panamera cost?
Manufacturer pricing runs from $85,000 for the Panamera RWD to $194,800 for the Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid Executive AWD, across 16 trims. Those are MSRPs from the manufacturer's own press material; they exclude destination, options, taxes and whatever the dealer adds. Every trim and price is listed above.
Does the 2018 Porsche Panamera have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 8 recall campaigns for the 2018 Porsche Panamera, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 23V033000, covering Electrical System. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. The manufacturer's own estimate for when a fix would be ready: July 2023. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2018 Porsche Panamera?
NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2018 Porsche Panamera yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it F (56/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2018 Porsche Panamera?
Across the 16 EPA-rated configurations of the 2018 Porsche Panamera, the best EPA combined figure is 24 mpg (MPGe on the electrified versions). Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What do owners complain about on the 2018 Porsche Panamera?
Owners have filed 12 complaints with NHTSA about the 2018 Porsche Panamera, most often about engine, power train, electrical system. Of those, 1 involved a crash, 1 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2018 Porsche Panamera?
The EPA smog rating for the 2018 Porsche Panamera runs 3 to 5 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III ULEV125, California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 125, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2018 Porsche Panamera?
The manufacturer has filed 8354 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2018 Porsche Panamera, most often covering engine, electrical system, unknown or other. The most recent is dated 2026-09-23. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2018 Porsche Panamera do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2018 Porsche Panamera failed the emissions check on 4.2% of first inspections — higher than the 3.0% for every 2018 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.70% (every 2018 vehicle: 1.9%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
Which 2018 Porsche Panamera trim is the best value?
$109,800 separates the cheapest of the 16 trims from the most expensive, so the answer depends on which of the differences you would actually use. Every trim has its own page here with the manufacturer's full specification and equipment list, plus a short summary of exactly what it adds over the base trim — worth reading before a dealer frames the walk-up for you. The trim-by-trim ladder shows what every step up costs and what it makes standard.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 16 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 16 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 8 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 12 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | none | NHTSA NCAP | NHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe. |
| Service bulletins | 8354 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 2 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | none | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | We had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | 16 trims | Manufacturer press kit | Transcribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.