2022 Nissan Rogue
The 2022 Nissan Rogue is sold in the U.S. as a gas compact SUV with 4 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Rogue FWD, is EPA-rated at 33 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 1 recall campaign for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of B. Owners have filed 243 complaints, most often about the engine. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall. Manufacturer pricing runs from $27,150 to $38,430 across 8 trims.

| Trim | Powertrain | Drive | MSRP |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | Gas | FWD | $27,150 |
| S | Gas | AWD | $28,650 |
| SV | Gas | FWD | $28,840 |
| SV | Gas | AWD | $30,340 |
| SL | Gas | FWD | $33,500 |
| SL | Gas | AWD | $35,000 |
| Platinum | Gas | FWD | $36,930 |
| Platinum | Gas | AWD | $38,430 |
MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.
Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rogue FWD | Gas | FWD | 1.5L 3-cyl turbo | 30 | 37 | 33 | $2,050 |
| Rogue FWD SL/Platinum | Gas | FWD | 1.5L 3-cyl turbo | 29 | 36 | 32 | $2,100 |
| Rogue AWD | Gas | AWD | 1.5L 3-cyl turbo | 28 | 35 | 31 | $2,150 |
| Rogue AWD SL/Platinum | Gas | AWD | 1.5L 3-cyl turbo | 28 | 34 | 31 | $2,150 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 44942, 44943, 44947, 44948.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rogue AWD, Rogue AWD SL/Platinum, Rogue FWD, Rogue FWD SL/Platinum | 6 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV50 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 50 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2022 Nissan Rogue is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (1)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseThese are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Steering:Linkages:Tie Rod Assembly — 2021 Nissan Rogue Inner Tie Rod Failures closed
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened this investigation to assess allegations of tie rod bending, deformation, or related steering linkage damage in certain 2021 Nissan Rogue vehicles. A bent tie rod can affect wheel alignment and steering geometry, and in some circumstances may result in steering pull, abnormal tire wear, reduced steering precision, difficulty maintaining directional control, or loss of vehicle steering control, increasing the risk of a crash. ODI reviewed Vehicle Owner Questionnaires (VOQs), Early Warning Reporting data, manufacturer field reports, warranty claims, consumer complaints submitted to the manufacturer, and other information provided by Nissan in re
Opened Aug 5, 2024 · closed Aug 24, 2026 · action PE24020 · the investigation’s page →
Engine — Complete loss of motive power due to engine failure closed
On December 13, 2023, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened PE23-023 to investigate allegations of engine failures leading to loss of motive power in model year (MY) 2021-2023 Nissan Rogue; MY 2019-2021 Nissan Altima; and MY 2019-2021 Infiniti QX50 vehicles. At that time, ODI had received 6 Vehicle Owner Questionnaires (VOQ) and multiple early warning reports, with consumers reporting engine knocking noises accompanied by a loss of engine power while driving. The investigation identified bearing failures in certain vehicles equipped with the subject 3-cylinder 1.5L or 4-cylinder 2.0L variable compression turbo (VC-Turbo) engines. ODI also identified early warning reports describin
Opened Dec 13, 2023 · closed Jul 18, 2025 · action PE23023 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific Rogue
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2022 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Nissan publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2022 Nissan Rogue, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2022 Nissan Rogue
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Rogue →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database5 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 1 injuries · 0 deaths reported
31 per 10,000 built · Nissan reported 78,271 Rogue built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2022: 2 · 2023: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2025: 91 · 2026: 78
Most-cited components
In depth: engine problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
I am joining the many others in reporting a very strong fuel order (raw gasoline) that enters the cabin and when parked in the garage, spews tons of raw gasoline fume, which I believe could eventually cause fire/explosion. This makes the SUV very difficult to be inside and drive. We do have the 3cyl turbo engine.
While driving in traffic I proceeded to give the car gas to move 2 car lengths forward but the car jerked back and then accelerated on its own. I applied pressure to the brake and as the came up off it the car accelerated again. I swerved off the highway and once in park the car continued to have high rpm of 3.5 while in park.
Vehicle smells of strong gas smell in the cab and around the vehicle. Smell is so strong it makes you feel light headed and gives you a headache. This is a huge health concern for me.
3/21/2023 Rear crash warning went off and car would not move leaving me in the middle of the road blocking both lanes of traffic. Car eventually permitted me to go forward however crash warning continued to blink. It’s recorded on Video the flashing warnings.
radio control system which includes backup camera, stopped working. Manufacturer isn't providing replacement though they admit the part needs to be replaced
I have leased this vehicle since May 13, 2022. Soon after taking delivery, I started to notice a faint smell of gasoline every day when it is enclosed in my garage. The smell has been getting stronger and I am very concerned. There have been times when I can now smell the gasoline when I enter my car when it has been parked outside.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Nissan itself: 2 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 2 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 2.6 per 100,000 built. Every Rogue model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 42 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 46,000 and 84,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Engine | 41 | 62,000 | 1.48× |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2022-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Across 2018–2022 model years the Nissan Rogue ranks 27 of 79 nameplates in the odometer-at-first-complaint study: owners reported problems at 0.69× the mileage of vehicles the same age (median 16,700 miles against a fleet 23,512).
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| SUV FWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| SUV AWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| SUV FWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Driver-assist crash reports (1)
Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-011 no injury reported
Jun 2023 to Jun 2023 · 0 with an air bag deployment · 1 towed
What was engaged, and what was hit
System named: ProPilot Assist (1)
Crash partner: Unknown 1
Filed by: Nissan North America, Inc.
| Incident | System | Struck | Injury alleged | State | Speed | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 2023 | Level 2 · ProPilot Assist | Unknown | no injury reported | MN | — | 945-5880 |
From the manufacturer’s own filing
The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.
The information contained in this report is based solely on Nissan's understanding of the allegations received during Claimant's discussions with Nissan's Consumer Affairs representatives.
A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communicationsMost often about: Electrical System, Equipment, Engine, Structure, Visibility/Wiper.
- NTB26-006A Service bulletin2026-05-01 · Fuel/Propulsion System
- FUEL FILLER TUBE LOWER SEAL IS LEAKING AND DTC P0456 IS STORED IN THE ECM This bulletin is no longer active. Please discard previous versions of NTB26-006.
- NTB26-019 Service bulletin2026-04-15 · Engine
- MIL ON WITH DTC P0181 STORED IN THE ECM IF YOU CONFIRM The customer states the MIL is ON but the vehicle does not have any drivability concerns or reduced power message in the combination meter, AND DTC P0181 for “Fuel Tank Temperature” is stored in either “Past” or “Current” in the ECM. ACTION Follow the SERVICE PROCEDURE in this bulletin to: 1. Replace the fuel temperature sensor. 2. Erase all t
- NTB09-131C Service bulletin2026-04-13 · Structure — Body
- CERTIFICATION LABEL AND VIN PLATE REPLACEMENT SERVICE INFORMATION Because of collision damage or other vehicle repair, a replacement “Certification Label” or “VIN Plate/Label” may be needed. HINT: Certification Label = FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) label. These items may be available from Nissan by request if certain criteria are met. This bulletin lists the criteria and provides
- NTB09-131C Service bulletin2026-04-13 · Structure — Body
- CERTIFICATION LABEL AND VIN PLATE REPLACEMENT SERVICE INFORMATION Because of collision damage or other vehicle repair, a replacement “Certification Label” or “VIN Plate/Label” may be needed. HINT: Certification Label = FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) label. These items may be available from Nissan by request if certain criteria are met. This bulletin lists the criteria and provides
- NTB26-006 Service bulletin2026-02-02 · Fuel/Propulsion System
- FUEL FILLER TUBE LOWER SEAL IS LEAKING AND DTC P0456 IS STORED IN THE ECM IF YOU CONFIRM The vehicle has a visible leak with a smoke machine test coming from the fuel filler tube lower seal, AND DTC P0456 is stored as “Active”, “Past”, or “Pending” in the ECM. ACTION 1. Remove the supplied funnel from the rear of the vehicle or trunk. 2. Insert the funnel completely in the fuel filler tube and rem
- NTB25-030A Service bulletin2025-10-01 · Electrical System
- STEERING WHEEL SWITCH BUTTONS INOPERATIVE, STICKING, OR NOT CLICKING WHEN PRESSED IF YOU CONFIRM The customer states that any of the steering wheel switch buttons are inoperative, sticking, or not clicking when pressed. ACTION Follow the SERVICE PROCEDURE to: 1. Remove the steering wheel assembly. 2. Replace the switch assembly on the steering wheel assembly. HINT: The switch assembly includes swi
- NTB25-008 Service bulletin2025-03-20 · Engine
- "ENGINE MALFUNCTION POWER REDUCED SERVICE NOW" DISPLAYED IN COMBINATION METER IF YOU CONFIRM The customer states that a "Engine Malfunction Power Reduced Service Now" warning is being displayed, or was displayed in the past, OR DTC P0404 for “EGR A CONTROL” is stored as “Past” or “Current” in the ECM. ACTION Refer to the SERVICE PROCEDURE in this bulletin to: 1. Confirm the current ECM part number
- NTB25-014 Service bulletin2025-02-28 · Electrical System
- REAR VIEW CAMERA IS INOPERATIVE OR "X" IS DISPLAYED WHEN SHIFTING INTO REVERSE IF YOU CONFIRM The Rear View Camera is inoperative or an "X" is displayed when shifting into reverse, AND There is corrosion at the Rear View Camera wiring harness connector D504 (Figure 2 on page 2). ACTION 1. Replace the Wiper Grommet Seal, the Rear Camera Harness, add Rear Camera Wiring Harness Dampers and, if there
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0012 P0012 on Nissan → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 1 bulletin · 2 owner reports |
| P0196 P0196 on Nissan → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 1 bulletin · 2 owner reports |
| U0652 | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 3 owner reports |
| P0456 P0456 on Nissan → | A very small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Fuel/Propulsion System · Gas cap → | 2 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2022 Nissan Rogue failed the emissions check on 1.3% of first inspections — lower than the 1.7% for every 2022 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.6% (every 2022 vehicle: 1.4%).
failed emissions
3,340 initial inspections of 3,309 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2022 Rogue | Every 2022 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 1.3% | 1.7% | 3,335 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 1.6% | 1.4% | 3,340 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.33% | 0.18% | 3,340 |
| Miles driven a year | 10,360 | 10,455 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 44,906 | 44,815 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2022 vehicle” is every 2022 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Rogue by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2022 Rogue
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsHow much does the 2022 Nissan Rogue cost?
Manufacturer pricing runs from $27,150 for the S FWD to $38,430 for the Platinum AWD, across 8 trims. Those are MSRPs from the manufacturer's own press material; they exclude destination, options, taxes and whatever the dealer adds. Every trim and price is listed above.
Does the 2022 Nissan Rogue have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 1 recall campaign for the 2022 Nissan Rogue, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 25V437000, covering Engine And Engine Cooling. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2022 Nissan Rogue?
NHTSA gave the 2022 Nissan Rogue 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 4-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it B (85/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2022 Nissan Rogue?
Across the 4 EPA-rated configurations of the 2022 Nissan Rogue, the best EPA combined figure is 33 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What do owners complain about on the 2022 Nissan Rogue?
Owners have filed 243 complaints with NHTSA about the 2022 Nissan Rogue, most often about engine, fuel/propulsion system, power train. Of those, 5 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 1 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2022 Nissan Rogue?
The EPA smog rating for the 2022 Nissan Rogue is 6 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III ULEV50, Federal Tier 3 Bin 50 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2022 Nissan Rogue?
The manufacturer has filed 103 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2022 Nissan Rogue, most often covering electrical system, equipment, engine. The most recent is dated 2026-05-01. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2022 Nissan Rogue do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2022 Nissan Rogue failed the emissions check on 1.3% of first inspections — lower than the 1.7% for every 2022 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.6% (every 2022 vehicle: 1.4%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
Which 2022 Nissan Rogue trim is the best value?
$11,280 separates the cheapest of the 8 trims from the most expensive, so the answer depends on which of the differences you would actually use. Every trim has its own page here with the manufacturer's full specification and equipment list, plus a short summary of exactly what it adds over the base trim — worth reading before a dealer frames the walk-up for you. The trim-by-trim ladder shows what every step up costs and what it makes standard.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 4 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 4 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 1 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 243 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 4 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 103 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 2 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | 1 | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | none | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | We had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | 8 trims | Manufacturer press kit | Transcribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.