2023 Ram 1500
The 2023 Ram 1500 is sold in the U.S. as a hybrid, gas and diesel large pickup truck with 13 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the 1500 4WD, is EPA-rated at 24 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 11 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 203 complaints, most often about the electrical system. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

| Trim | Powertrain | Drive | MSRP | HP | Torque | MPG comb | Seats | Wheels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tradesman | Gas | 4X2 | — | 305 hp | 271 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Tradesman | Gas | 4X4 | — | 305 hp | 271 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| HFE | Gas | 4X2 | — | 260 hp | 480 lb-ft | 26 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Big Horn/Lone Star | Gas | 4X2 | — | 305 hp | 271 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Big Horn/Lone Star | Gas | 4X4 | — | 305 hp | 271 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Rebel | Gas | 4X4 | — | 305 hp | 271 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Laramie | Gas | 4X2 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Laramie | Gas | 4X4 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Longhorn | Gas | 4X2 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Longhorn | Gas | 4X4 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Limited | Gas | 4X2 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| Limited | Gas | 4X4 | — | 395 hp | 410 lb-ft | 19 mpg | 6 | 20 in |
| TRX | Gas | 4X4 | — | 702 hp | 650 lb-ft | 12 mpg | 6 | 18 in |
MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.
Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1500 HFE 2WD | Hybrid | RWD | 3.6L 6-cyl + 216V Li-Ion | 20 | 26 | 23 | $2,900 |
| 1500 2WD | Hybrid | RWD | 3.6L 6-cyl + 48V Li-Ion | 20 | 25 | 22 | $3,050 |
| 1500 4WD | Hybrid | 4WD | 3.6L 6-cyl + 48V Li-Ion | 19 | 24 | 21 | $3,200 |
| 1500 2WD | Hybrid | RWD | 5.7L 8-cyl + 48V Li-Ion | 18 | 23 | 20 | $3,800 |
| 1500 4WD | Hybrid | 4WD | 5.7L 8-cyl + 48V Li-Ion | 17 | 22 | 19 | $4,000 |
| 1500 Classic 2WD | Gas | RWD | 3.6L 6-cyl | 17 | 25 | 20 | $3,350 |
| 1500 Classic 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 3.6L 6-cyl | 16 | 23 | 19 | $3,550 |
| 1500 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.7L 8-cyl | 15 | 22 | 17 | $4,450 |
| 1500 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.7L 8-cyl | 15 | 21 | 17 | $4,450 |
| 1500 Classic 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.7L 8-cyl | 15 | 21 | 17 | $4,450 |
| 1500 Classic 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.7L 8-cyl | 15 | 20 | 17 | $4,450 |
| 1500 TRX 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 6.2L 8-cyl | 10 | 14 | 12 | $6,850 |
| 1500 4WD | Diesel | 4WD | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 21 | 29 | 24 | $4,000 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 46369, 46224, 46227, 46225, 46228, 46288, 46290, 46565, 46566, 46289.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1500 2WD, 1500 4WD, 1500 Classic 2WD, 1500 HFE 2WD | 7 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 / California LEV-III SULEV30 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| 1500 2WD, 1500 4WD, 1500 Classic 2WD, 1500 Classic 4WD | 5 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| 1500 Classic 4WD | 7 / 10 | California LEV-III SULEV30 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| 1500 TRX 4WD | 1 / 10 | California LEV-III LEV160 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 160 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| 1500 4WD | 1 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 160 / California LEV-III LEV160 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2023 Ram 1500 is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (11)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseElectrical System
08CVisibility
86BSteering
A1BService Brakes, Hydraulic
75BPower Train
63BSteering
14B,33B,34B,35B,36BExterior Lighting
B2A & D5ABack Over Prevention
97AFuel System, Diesel
01ABack Over Prevention
14AThese are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
Whether any of this applies to one specific 1500
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2023 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Ram publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2023 Ram 1500, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2023 Ram 1500
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this 1500 →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database10 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 4 injuries · 0 deaths reported
9.5 per 10,000 built · Ram reported 213,407 1500 built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2023: 21 · 2024: 51 · 2025: 60 · 2026: 71
Most-cited components
In depth: electrical problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
Started vehicle up cold. Drove two miles. Stopped at stop sign for a few seconds, then pull out onto highway. Vehicle stalled and would not accelerate; engine still barely running but no power. Pulled on to shoulder. Vehicle seem to correct it self after about 30 seconds
While driving and slowing for a traffic light, my 2023 Ram 1500 Limited 4X4 began to immediately slow, and I observed the gear selector engage from drive to park, back to drive and back to park, and engaging the emergency brake. The vehicle ceased operating. I was able to engage the emergency flashers and restart the vehicle.
Tailgate unlatched and dropped into open position while driving without any action to cause the tailgate to open. Resulting in damage to tailgate from a trailer which was being towed
The contact owns a 2023 Ram 1500. The contact stated that on three separate occasions, while driving at various speeds, the vehicle downshifted to the first gear inadvertently. The vehicle was steered to the side of the road and restarted. The vehicle was taken to a dealer however, the failure could not be replicated.
FCW did not provide any audible alert, instrument panel alert, nor braking. I was forced to swerve around stopped vehicles that had stopped abruptly for a problem ahead, narrowly missing the stopped vehicles. Speed under 35 mph.
There is a loud humming/tumbling sound when decelerating at lower roms. It is very loud, obnoxious, and distracting. It was so loud that I couldn’t hear an emergency vehicle coming up behind me to get over. I have found 100’s of complaints on forums with the same issue with the 5th gen rams.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Ram itself: 34 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 44 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 16 per 100,000 built. Every 1500 model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 28 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 13,000 and 50,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical System | 12 | 14,818 | 1.02× |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2023-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PU/CC 4WD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/CC RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/CC 4WD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★☆☆ | 22% |
| PU/CC RWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/EC 4WD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/EC 4WD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★☆☆ | 22% |
| PU/EC RWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/EC RWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
| PU/RC 4WD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★☆☆ | 22% |
| PU/RC RWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 20% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Stellantis warranty extension 105591FCA Caribbean Warranty Newsletter – Volume 11, Issue 6
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Ram warranty extension 100599FCA Caribbean Warranty Bulletin ID-24-16 Rev.
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Ram warranty extension 100595WARRANTY BULLETIN D-24-15 announces the addition of the Rear Axle Assembly replacement for 2019 - 2024 RAM 3500 Cab Chassis (DD), RAM 4500/ 5500 Cab Chassis (DP), RAM 3500 Pickup (D2), RAM 2500…
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Stellantis warranty extension 100203"warranty operations newsletter volume 10, issue 8"
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Stellantis warranty extension (117) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Electrical System, Engine, Power Train, Structure, Equipment.
- S2623000057 Service bulletin2026-10-09 · Air Bags
- After Recent Service, A Replacement Occupant Classification Module (OCM) Is Non-Responsive.
- S2623000057 Service bulletin2026-10-09 · Air Bags
- After Recent Service, A Replacement Occupant Classification Module (OCM) Is Non-Responsive.
- S2621000004 Service bulletin2026-09-30 · Power Train
- The Customer May Complain About a Popping Noise, Grinding Noise, or an Intermittent No Reverse or Forward Transmission Engagement. The Tech May Find Damaged and/or Worn Transmission Output Shaft Splines (850RE Transmission Only)
- 9100898 Service bulletin2026-09-08 · Engine
- Engine PNs: MY 24-26 WD/DT (5.7L) Code P00B is being misdiagnosed and incorrect parts are being installed causing over repair. Refer to SOL S2609000006 The IAFM Foam Engine Valley Cover (PN 53013735AB) does not provide sufficient clearance for proper routing of the MDS solenoid jumper harness (PN 05148163AE). As a result, the harness may become compressed by the foam cover. To prevent unnecessary
- 113855 Service bulletin2026-08-18 · Electrical System
- SWITCH AND BEZEL - FRONT DOOR
- 113854 Service bulletin2026-08-18 · Electrical System
- SWITCH AND BEZEL - FRONT DOOR
- 114072 Service bulletin2026-08-17 · Electrical System
- MOTOR - WINDOW REGULATOR
- 114073 Service bulletin2026-08-17 · Electrical System
- MOTOR - WINDOW REGULATOR
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P032F P032F on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 4 owner reports |
| P1DB7 P1DB7 on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 4 bulletins |
| P0113 | Intake air temperature sensor signal too high. | Engine · Intake air temperature sensor → | 3 bulletins |
| P0301 P0301 on Ram → | Cylinder 1 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 3 bulletins |
| P0304 P0304 on Ram → | Cylinder 4 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 3 bulletins |
| P062A P062A on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Fuel/Propulsion System · Fuel pump → | 3 bulletins |
| P258B P258B on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Service Brakes · Brake pads → | 3 bulletins |
| B1560 B1560 on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
| B1561 B1561 on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
| B1562 B1562 on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
| B1E21 B1E21 on Ram → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
| P0052 | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Ram 1500 failed the emissions check on 1.9% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.78% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%).
failed emissions
4,642 initial inspections of 4,563 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2023 1500 | Every 2023 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 1.9% | 1.6% | 4,631 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 0.78% | 1.1% | 4,642 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.11% | 0.16% | 4,642 |
| Miles driven a year | 10,851 | 10,038 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 35,483 | 32,673 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2023 vehicle” is every 2023 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Common questions about the 2023 1500
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2023 Ram 1500 have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 11 recall campaigns for the 2023 Ram 1500. The most serious on file is 26V495000, covering Seat Belts. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2023 Ram 1500?
NHTSA gave the 2023 Ram 1500 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 4-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it D (60/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2023 Ram 1500?
Across the 13 EPA-rated configurations of the 2023 Ram 1500, the best EPA combined figure is 24 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What do owners complain about on the 2023 Ram 1500?
Owners have filed 203 complaints with NHTSA about the 2023 Ram 1500, most often about electrical system, engine, unspecified. Of those, 10 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 4 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2023 Ram 1500?
The EPA smog rating for the 2023 Ram 1500 runs 1 to 7 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III LEV160, California LEV-III SULEV30, California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 160, Federal Tier 3 Bin 30, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2023 Ram 1500?
The manufacturer has filed 548 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2023 Ram 1500, most often covering electrical system, engine, power train. The most recent is dated 2026-10-09. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2023 Ram 1500 do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Ram 1500 failed the emissions check on 1.9% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.78% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 13 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 13 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 11 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 203 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 10 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 548 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | none | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | No defect investigation has been opened. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | none | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | We had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | 13 trims | Manufacturer press kit | Transcribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.