2019 Nissan Leaf
The 2019 Nissan Leaf is sold in the U.S. as an electric compact hatchback with 3 EPA-rated configurations. Its longest-range version, the Leaf (62 kW-hr battery pack), is EPA-rated at 226 miles with 108 MPGe combined efficiency. NHTSA lists 5 recall campaigns for this model year, 2 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 260 complaints, most often about the electrical system.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Range | kWh/100mi | Charge (240V) | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaf (40 kW-hr battery pack) | Electric | FWD | 110 kW DCPM | 124 | 99 | 112 MPGe | 150 mi | 30.2 | 8 h | $700 |
| Leaf (62 kW-hr battery pack) | Electric | FWD | 160 kW DCPM | 118 | 97 | 108 MPGe | 226 mi | 31 | 11 h | $700 |
| Leaf SV/SL (62 kW-hr battery pack) | Electric | FWD | 160 kW DCPM | 114 | 94 | 104 MPGe | 215 mi | 32.3 | 11 h | $750 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 40812, 41276, 41277.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaf (40 kW-hr battery pack), Leaf (62 kW-hr battery pack), Leaf SV/SL (62 kW-hr battery pack) | 10 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 / California ZEV | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay Elite |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Hatchback/Liftback/Notchback |
| Doors | 4 |
| GVWR class | Class 1: 6,000 lb or less (2,722 kg or less) |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Electric |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | 4x2 |
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim. Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 176.4 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 70.5 in |
| Height | 61.4 in |
| Wheelbase | 106.3 in |
| Track, front | 60.6 in |
| Track, rear | 61.0 in |
| Curb weight | 3,439 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 58/42 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here one configuration: 5-door Hatchback. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2019 Nissan Leaf is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (5)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseBack Over Prevention
R23D7Vehicle Speed Control
R23A6Visibility
R22C5Back Over Prevention
These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Electrical System:Propulsion System — Pedestrian alert sounds closed
NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after March 1, 2021. On January 27, 2023, NHTSA opened Defect Petition (DP) 22-005 to evaluate the subject mat
Opened Jan 27, 2023 · closed Aug 7, 2023 · action DP22005 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific Leaf
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2019 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Nissan publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2019 Nissan Leaf, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2019 Nissan Leaf
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Leaf →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database4 involved a crash · 2 a fire · 5 injuries · 0 deaths reported
162 per 10,000 built · Nissan reported 16,052 Leaf built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2019: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2025: 118 · 2026: 79
Most-cited components
In depth: electrical problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
The contact owns a 2019 Nissan Leaf. The contact stated that after starting the vehicle, the defroster was activated; however, the defroster fan motor became inoperable, causing the front and rear windshields to become foggy. The vehicle was not diagnosed.
Today I received a recall notice - 22v0-048 - regarding the defrosting and defogging systems. As currently programmed, the defroster limits visibility out of the windshield under cold conditions. The solution proposed by Nissan is reminiscent of the Apollo 13 instructions, complicated and difficult to follow by normal humans.
Stuck in a snow drift, slightly down hill, rocking the car forward and back, twice it went into an uncommanded full throttle forward. Even after removing my foot from the accelerator with no other control inputs the car was in high speed forward mode. I had to hit the brake each time to get it to shut down.
A warning light came on with a circle and exclamation mark and when I starting to back up my brake pedal was not stopping the car it kept on going it was very scary , then another warning light came on with a picture of a car and exclamation.
The electronic parking brake does not automatically engage, even when the circumstances described in the owner's manual apply. This could cause some cars to be improperly secured, if drivers expect the parking brake to apply automatically but it does not.
My Nissan does not have an audible reminder to buckle my seat belt. The dealer says this is the way the car is designed. Should my car be recalled? Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards require seat belt reminders to have an audible signal that lasts for four to eight seconds and a visual alert that lasts at least one minute whenever…
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Nissan itself: 1 death-or-injury claim on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 killed, as claimed, not verified — about 6.2 per 100,000 built. Every Leaf model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 25 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 8,000 and 96,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical System | 15 | 90,000 | 5.89× |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2019-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Here, owners reported later: electrical system (5.89×). Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.
Driver-assist crash reports (3)
Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-012 no injury reported · 1 severity unknown
Nov 2021 to Jun 2024 · 0 with an air bag deployment · 0 towed
What was engaged, and what was hit
System named: 07e2ff71c978f12806ff04f1d03ea5c6d10fc90f (1), 966cc9e370a341f1212d389d74e6f1eb5da9bdfe (1), Level 4 (1)
Crash partner: Passenger Car 2 · Heavy Truck 1
Filed by: WeRide Corp
| Incident | System | Struck | Injury alleged | State | Speed | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 2024 | ADS · 07e2ff71c978f12806ff04f1d03ea5c6d10fc90f | Passenger Car | no injury reported | CA | 6 mph | 30792-8115 |
| Jun 2023 | ADS · 966cc9e370a341f1212d389d74e6f1eb5da9bdfe | Heavy Truck | unknown | CA | — | 30792-5747 |
| Nov 2021 | ADS · Level 4 | Passenger Car | no injury reported | CA | — | 30792-1699 |
From the manufacturer’s own filing
The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.
On 06/[redacted]/2024 at 3:51pm, a WeRide vehicle (Car 1) safety driver in manual driving mode was attempting to make a u-turn at 6 mph on [redacted]. During the u-turn maneuver, a white chevy cruze (Car 2) traveling at 23 mph, having just made a right turn off of [redacted]., approached from behind on [redacted].
At 2:06pm a WeRide driverless vehicle (car 1) was stopped behind a big rig truck (vehicle 2). As our vehicle (car 1) was stopped behind the big rig truck, the big rig truck proceeded to reverse backwards and eventually collided into the WeRide vehicle (car 1). Both parties pulled over both involved vehicles and cooperated to exchange information.
At 3:27 PM on 11/[redacted]/2021, a driver from Weride was operating one of our L4 autonomous vehicles in autonomous mode on the on-ramp to [redacted] from [redacted] in North San Jose. Our car was in the queue of traffic waiting for the metering light.
A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communicationsMost often about: Electrical System, Equipment, Power Train, Engine, Forward Collision Avoidance.
- 11034255 Service bulletin2026-06-03 · Fuel/Propulsion System
- *****Dealer Announcement***** Nissan is committed to delivering the highest levels of product quality and customer satisfaction. In support of this commitment, Nissan is implementing a Lithium-ion Battery Post-Remedy Program for certain Model Year 2019–2022 Nissan LEAF vehicles that were previously remedied under voluntary safety recall campaigns R24B2 and R25C8. As a reminder, campaigns R24B2 and
- NTB09-131C Service bulletin2026-04-13 · Structure — Body
- CERTIFICATION LABEL AND VIN PLATE REPLACEMENT SERVICE INFORMATION Because of collision damage or other vehicle repair, a replacement “Certification Label” or “VIN Plate/Label” may be needed. HINT: Certification Label = FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) label. These items may be available from Nissan by request if certain criteria are met. This bulletin lists the criteria and provides
- NTB09-131C Service bulletin2026-04-13 · Structure — Body
- CERTIFICATION LABEL AND VIN PLATE REPLACEMENT SERVICE INFORMATION Because of collision damage or other vehicle repair, a replacement “Certification Label” or “VIN Plate/Label” may be needed. HINT: Certification Label = FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) label. These items may be available from Nissan by request if certain criteria are met. This bulletin lists the criteria and provides
- NTB15-049CC Service bulletin2026-03-30 · Electrical System
- TELEMATICS SERVICE INFORMATION HINT: This bulletin applies to vehicles equipped with a 4G network compatible TCU. TCUs compatible with 3G network only are no longer supported. SERVICE INFORMATION The APPLIED VEHICLES that come equipped with a factory installed SOS switch, located near the overhead map lamp, also come equipped with a wireless communication device called a Telematics Communication U
- NTB19-042F Service bulletin2025-02-20 · Service Brakes
- AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING WARNING LIGHT BLINKING APPLIED SYSTEMS: Vehicles equipped with a lane camera (see Figure 1) SERVICE INFORMATION If the Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) warning light or is blinking (but not illuminated steadily) or the customer states it is blinking, and there are no related DTCs, inspect the windshield. A blinking AEB warning light may occur under the following condit
- NTB19-033G Service bulletin2025-02-20 · Electrical System
- INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL INOPERATIVE AND AEB/FEB WARNING LIGHT ON OR RADAR OBSTRUCTION MESSAGE DISPLAYED WITH DTC C1A16 OR C2582 IF YOU CONFIRM IMPORTANT: The purpose of ACTION (on the next page) is to give you a quick idea of the work you will be performing. You MUST closely follow the entire SERVICE PROCEDURE as it contains information that is essential to successfully completing this repair.
- NTB24-048 Service bulletin2024-10-30 · Visibility/Wiper
- *****Dealer Announcement***** Nissan is conducting a service campaign on certain specific MY2018-2025 Nissan LEAF vehicles identified in Service Comm and National Service History – Open Campaigns. On affected vehicles, at temperatures below -10°C/14°F, use of the blower motor at full speed can cause the defrost function to operate at a low electrical current and trigger failsafe logic. This may re
- NTB20-066C Service bulletin2024-10-04 · Lane Departure — Warning
- LANE CAMERA AIMING VEHICLE REFERENCE VALUES NOT IN ESM SERVICE INFORMATION If the lane camera requires aiming, the values in Table A on page 4 must be used. For all other models/model years, consult the Electronic Service Manual (ESM).
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0456 P0456 on Nissan → | A very small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Fuel/Propulsion System · Gas cap → | 2 bulletins |
| P0AA6 P0AA6 on Nissan → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
| P31E7 P31E7 on Nissan → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 2 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2019 Nissan Leaf failed the safety inspection on 4.2% of first inspections — higher than the 1.7% for every 2019 model-year vehicle inspected.
failed the safety inspection
261 initial inspections of 255 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2019 Leaf | Every 2019 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the safety inspection | 4.2% | 1.7% | 261 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0% | 0.20% | 261 |
| Miles driven a year | 7,863 | 9,904 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 57,106 | 72,084 | odometer at inspection |
Electric vehicles get no emissions test in New York, so the safety inspection is the record here. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2019 vehicle” is every 2019 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Compare the 2019 Leaf with
Any vehicle, your weights →| Head-to-head | Verdict | |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 Toyota Prius c · Compact Hatchback · grade A | Leaf +7.8 |
Leaf by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2019 Leaf
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2019 Nissan Leaf have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 5 recall campaigns for the 2019 Nissan Leaf, 2 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 24V700000, covering Electrical System. 1 campaign is phased, so the repair reached some model years before others. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2019 Nissan Leaf yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it D (65/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
Across the 3 EPA-rated configurations of the 2019 Nissan Leaf, the longest EPA range is 226 miles on a charge. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
Transport Canada measured it at 176.4 in long, 70.5 in wide (body, without mirrors), 61.4 in tall, on a 106.3 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 3,439 lb. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
Owners have filed 260 complaints with NHTSA about the 2019 Nissan Leaf, most often about electrical system, unspecified, fuel/propulsion system. Of those, 4 involved a crash, 2 a fire, 5 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
The EPA smog rating for the 2019 Nissan Leaf is 10 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California ZEV, Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2019 Nissan Leaf?
The manufacturer has filed 117 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2019 Nissan Leaf, most often covering electrical system, equipment, power train. The most recent is dated 2026-06-03. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2019 Nissan Leaf do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2019 Nissan Leaf failed the safety inspection on 4.2% of first inspections — higher than the 1.7% for every 2019 model-year vehicle inspected. The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
Is the 2019 Nissan Leaf better than the 2019 Toyota Prius c?
The Nissan Leaf wins clearly, 80 to 72.2, on fuel & range. The Toyota Prius c is ahead on safety. We publish a full side-by-side of the 2019 Nissan Leaf against the 2019 Toyota Prius c — specifications by family, equipment feature by feature, safety record and ownership costs. You can re-weight what matters to you and the verdict recalculates.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 3 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 3 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 5 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 260 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | none | NHTSA NCAP | NHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe. |
| Service bulletins | 117 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 1 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | 3 | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 5 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.