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2021 Ford Transit

Van
0 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26
D
Safety Signal
69 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
Recalls1 critical 4
Complaints2 crash · 2 injured reported 24
Crash ratingNHTSA overall 4★
202720262025202420232022202120202019201820172016

The 2021 Ford Transit is a van; vehicles over 8,500 lb GVWR are not certified for fuel economy by the EPA, so this page is built from NHTSA's recall, complaint and investigation records. NHTSA lists 4 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 24 complaints, most often about the power train. NHTSA crash-tested it at 4 stars overall.

2021 Ford Transit

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov

No EPA fuel-economy record: the EPA does not certify vehicles over 8,500 lb GVWR. Recall, complaint and investigation data below come from NHTSA.

Specifications filed with NHTSA

Source: NHTSA vPIC

Dimensions Exterior

Body styleVan
GVWR classClass 2H: 9,001 - 10,000 lb (4,082 - 4,536 kg)

Engine Basics

Cylinders6
Displacement3.5 L
Engine configurationV-Shaped

Engine Output

Horsepower310 hp

Fuel Economy

FuelGasoline

Transmission

DrivetrainRWD/Rear-Wheel Drive

Driver assistance

Standard: Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Pedestrian automatic emergency braking

Optional: Adaptive cruise control, Blind-spot monitoring, Parking assist, Rear cross-traffic alert

Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: 250, 350, 350 HD). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.

Dimensions & weight

Source: Transport Canada
Length217.7–263.8 in
Width (body, without mirrors)81.5–83.9 in
Height82.3–110.2 in
Wheelbase129.9–147.6 in
Track, front68.1 in
Track, rear65.7–68.5 in
Curb weight4,985–6,865 lb
Weight distribution, front/rear51/49 to 56/44

Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 21 configurations: Van 150 Long Wb Low Roof, Van 150 Long Wb Medium Roof, Van 150 Regular Wb Low Roof, Van 150 Regular Wb Medium Roof, Van 250 Long Wb El High Roof, Van 250 Long Wb High Roof …. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.

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Factory warranty running out?

The 2021 Ford Transit is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.

What to check before you buy →

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

Recalls (4)

Source: NHTSA recall database
▲high

Equipment Adaptive/Mobility

86 vehicles 2% reported repaired
Problem Rollx Vans (Rollx) is recalling certain GMC Yukon, Sierra, Chevrolet Express 2500, Ford Transit, E-250, Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid, Honda Odyssey, Chrysler Town and Country, Voyager, Pacifica, Dodge Grand Caravan, and Ram Promaster vehicles equipped with QRT-Deluxe and QRT-Max wheelchair restraints. Please refer to Rollx's recall report for specific model year information. The retractors may not lock, preventing the wheelchair from being properly secured. Risk An unsecured wheelchair can move during transit, increasing the risk of injury. Fix Rollx will work with Q'Straint to inspect and replace the retractors as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 5, 2026. Owners may contact Rollx's customer service at 1-800-956-6668.
NHTSA campaign 25V876000 reported Dec 17, 2025 Rollx Vans the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
●moderate

Back Over Prevention

25S72
200,237 vehicles 59% reported repaired
Problem Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2018-2022 Transit Connect, 2019-2020 MKZ, MKX, Edge, Continental, F-150, Nautilus, Fusion, 2019-2023 Ranger, Mustang, 2020-2021 EcoSport, Expedition, Navigator, 2020-2022 Escape, F-250 SD, Corsair, 2020-2023 Aviator, Transit, 2020-2024 Explorer, 2021-2024 Bronco Sport, and 2022-2024 Maverick vehicles. A software error may cause the rearview camera to display a blank image, or the image may remain on the display after the backing event has ended. Risk A rearview camera that displays a blank image can reduce the driver's view behind the vehicle. A rearview image that continues to be displayed after the vehicle is shifted out of reverse may distract the driver. Both of these situations can increase the risk of a crash. Fix Dealers will update the rearview camera software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed September 4, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S72.
NHTSA campaign 25V442000 reported Jun 27, 2025 Ford Motor Company the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Fuel System, Gasoline

10 vehicles 100% reported repaired
Problem Quality Vans (Quality Vans) is recalling certain 2020-2023 Ford Transit vans equipped with Onan QG 2800i EVAP generators, part number 2.8HGLAA-8303A. The fuel hose between the inline fuel filter and the Injection Pump Module (IPM) may not be properly secured, which can cause a gas leak. Risk A gasoline leak in the presence of an ignition source may increase the risk of fire. Fix Dealers will inspect and replace the fuel hose and clamps as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed August 4, 2023. Owners may contact Quality Vans customer service at 1-480-464-7007.
NHTSA campaign 23V499000 reported Jul 19, 2023 QUALITY VANS the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Seat Belts

21C18
42,493 vehicles 69% reported repaired
Problem Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2021-2022 Transit and 2021 Transit Connect vehicles. The front passenger seat belt automatic locking retractor (ALR) may deactivate early, which can prevent the child restraint system from securing properly. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection." Risk An unsecured child restraint system can increase the risk of injury during a crash. Fix Dealers will inspect the front passenger seat belt assembly, and replace the assembly as necessary, free of charge. Interim owner notification letters were mailed on September 14, 2021. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 30, 2021. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 21C18.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 21V592000 reported Jul 30, 2021 Ford Motor Company the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

Whether any of this applies to one specific Transit

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2021 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Ford publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2021 Ford Transit, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2021 Ford Transit

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

Find parts for this Transit →

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
24complaints filed

2 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 2 injuries · 0 deaths reported

4.0 per 10,000 built · Ford reported 60,619 Transit built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)

Filed per year: 2021: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2026: 4

Most-cited components

Power Train 6
Unspecified 5
Wheels 5
Suspension 3
Visibility/Wiper 3
Electrical System 3

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

The passenger side seat belt locks up at unusual times. Passenger can’t reach anything because they are locked in their seat. The seatbelt has locked up numerous times however the mechanic can’t repeat the problem in the shop. Yes is has been reported and investigated by TASCA Ford, 1300 Pontiac Ave., Cranston, RI.
Seat Belts Jun 3, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11741881
The contact owns a 2021 Ford Transit. The contact stated that while parked and having an oil change sticker applied to the top of the driver's side windshield, the glass detached half an inch and water had since entered the vehicle through the crack. The vehicle was not diagnosed or repaired.
Visibility/Wiper at 92,000 miles Apr 13, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11730872
Odometer Fraud. The contact purchased a 2021 Ford Transit. It was discovered that there was a mileage discrepancy. The vehicle was a dealer sale. At the time of purchase, the vehicle mileage was 33,000; and at the time of registration, it was discovered that the mileage was 320,000
Electrical System at 320,000 miles Jan 14, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11710947
The contact owns a 2021 Ford Transit 250 equipped with Sentury Lionheart Tires, Tire Line: Lionclaw, Tire Size: 235/65/R16, DOT Number: . The tires were replacement tires.
Tires at 20,000 miles Nov 24, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11701195
The contact owns a 2021 Ford Transit. The contact stated that while driving 65 MPH in the middle lane, the vehicle lost motive power with the “WRENCH” warning light illuminated. The contact pulled over, turned off, and was able to restart the vehicle and continued driving. Two days later, the “WRENCH” light illuminated again.
Power Train at 79,469 miles Aug 28, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11683666
Issue is with Hankook tires. Mileage on original OEM tires on my campervan from Ford. 44,600 miles. Good tread, air pressure checked daily on trips. Date code of manufacture of tires: 41st week, 2020. Took ownership of campervan on Dec 6th, 2021. Travel west on I-696 at 70 mph. Driver’s left front tire exploded.
Wheels Aug 11, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11679769

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by Ford itself: 1 death-or-injury claim on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 1.6 per 100,000 built. Every Transit model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP
ConfigurationOverallFrontalSideRolloverRollover risk
VAN RWD★★★★☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★★★☆☆27%
VAN AWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★★☆☆☆36%
VAN AWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★☆☆☆☆42%
VAN RWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★☆☆☆☆45%
VAN RWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★★☆☆☆34%
VAN RWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★★☆☆☆38%
VAN RWD★★★☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★★☆☆☆38%
VAN RWD★★☆☆☆★★★☆☆★★★★★★☆☆☆☆52%
VAN AWDnot rated★★★☆☆★★★★★not rated34%
VAN AWDnot rated★★★☆☆★★★★★not rated27%
VAN AWDnot rated★★★☆☆★★★★★not rated38%
VAN AWDnot rated★★★☆☆★★★★★not rated38%
VAN AWDnot rated★★★☆☆not ratednot rated—
VAN RWDnot rated★★★☆☆not ratednot rated—

NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 134
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-05-08
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 125 service bulletins, 9 others

Most often about: Power Train, Unknown Or Other, Electrical System, Equipment, Engine.

  • TSB 26-2226 Service bulletin
    2026-05-08 · Power Train
  • This bulletin supersedes 26-2046. Reason For Update: update the parts list to change the claim quantity of the C clutch friction plates (HL3Z-7B164-A), C clutch steel plates (HL3Z-7B442-F), D clutch steel plates (HL3Z-7B442-D), add the rear driveshaft flange CV joint-to-pinion flange cup bolts and retaining straps (LK4Z-4B496-B) for Transit, and update the parts description for the transfer case f
  • SSM 54758 Service bulletin
    2026-04-20 · Vehicle Speed Control
  • Some 2020-2026 Transit vehicle customers may request vehicle speed to be limited. Speed limiting can be configured to 65 mph (105 km/h), 70 mph (113 km/h), or 75 mph (121 km/h) using the Ford Diagnostic and Repair System (FDRS). It can be found under the toolbox tab labeled "PCM - Vehicle Speed Limiter Configuration". This capability has now been added to FDRS for the 2026 model year. This procedu
  • 25N12 Other
    2026-04-02 · Power Train
  • Customer Satisfaction Program 25N12 Certain 2020-2025 Model Year Transit All-Wheel-Drive (AWD) Vehicles Transfer Case Replacement If Required After Dealer Evaluation
  • SSM 54720 Service bulletin
    2026-04-02 · Lane Departure — Blind Spot Detection
  • Various 2020-2026 Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with blind spot information system (BLIS) may experience an inoperative blind spot monitoring with a "Blind Spot System Fault" message displayed in the instrument panel cluster (IPC). This may also be accompanied by diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) B118C:11 and/or B118C:15 stored in the driver door module (DDM), and/or B118D:11 and/or B118D:15 st
  • SSM 54719 Service bulletin
    2026-04-02 · Power Train
  • For 20212026 vehicles equipped with the 10R80 transmission, a new Transmission Clutch Circuit Leak Test has been introduced in the Ford Diagnosis and Repair System (FDRS). This test utilizes the pressure and vacuum transducer (PVT) when available. When referred to a specific clutch (A-F) test by a pinpoint test in Workshop Manual (WSM), Section 307-01 > Diagnosis and Testing, the Clutch Assembl
  • 25N17 Other
    2026-03-25 · Unknown Or Other
  • Advance Notice – Customer Satisfaction Program 25N17 Certain 2015-2025 Model Year Multiple Vehicle Lines Rear View Camera Replacement If Required After Dealer Evaluation
  • SSM 54674 Service bulletin
    2026-03-19 · Power Train
  • For 2021-2026 vehicles equipped with the 10R80 transmission, a new Transmission Clutch Circuit Leak Test has been introduced in the Ford Diagnosis and Repair System (FDRS). This test utilizes the pressure and vacuum transducer (PVT) when available. The Workshop Manual (WSM) has been updated under Section 307-01 > Diagnosis and Testing to include this procedure. The new test improves the accurac
  • SSM 54601 Service bulletin
    2026-02-24 · Electrical System
  • Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with wired keyless entry keypad systems and accessory wireless keyless entry keypad systems may or may not come with a wallet card containing the master code. Unlike the integrated wired keypad, the accessory wireless keypad master code cannot be retrieved from the vehicle using a diagnostic scan tool or from the label printed on the body control module (BCM). Th

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

Diagnostic trouble codes on file

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaints

Codes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.

CodeWhat it meansMost often filed underWhere it appears
P2704
P2704 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train14 bulletins
P0772
P0772 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train13 bulletins
P0729
P0729 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0731
P0731 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0732
P0732 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0733
P0733 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0734
P0734 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0735
P0735 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P0736
P0736 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P076F
P076F on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P07D9
P07D9 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins
P07F6
P07F6 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train12 bulletins

Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2021 Ford Transit failed the emissions check on 0% of first inspections — lower than the 1.9% for every 2021 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.49% (every 2021 vehicle: 1.5%).

New York inspections 0%

failed emissions

1,015 initial inspections of 1,002 vehicles.

MeasureThe 2021 TransitEvery 2021 vehicleBehind it
Failed the emissions check0%1.9%1,010
Failed the safety inspection0.49%1.5%1,015
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit0.10%0.19%1,015
Miles driven a year13,42010,343odometer at inspection
Average odometer70,93354,681odometer at inspection

New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2021 vehicle” is every 2021 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

Common questions about the 2021 Transit

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2021 Ford Transit have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 4 recall campaigns for the 2021 Ford Transit, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 23V499000, covering Fuel System, Gasoline. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2021 Ford Transit?

NHTSA gave the 2021 Ford Transit 4 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 3-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 3-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it D (69/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.

What are the dimensions of the 2021 Ford Transit?

Transport Canada measured it at 217.7–263.8 in long, 81.5–83.9 in wide (body, without mirrors), 82.3–110.2 in tall, on a 129.9–147.6 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,985–6,865 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.

What do owners complain about on the 2021 Ford Transit?

Owners have filed 24 complaints with NHTSA about the 2021 Ford Transit, most often about power train, unspecified, wheels. Of those, 2 involved a crash, 2 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

Are there service bulletins for the 2021 Ford Transit?

The manufacturer has filed 134 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2021 Ford Transit, most often covering power train, unknown or other, electrical system. The most recent is dated 2026-05-08. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2021 Ford Transit do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2021 Ford Transit failed the emissions check on 0% of first inspections — lower than the 1.9% for every 2021 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.49% (every 2021 vehicle: 1.5%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurationsnoneEPA certification recordsThe EPA does not certify vehicles rated over 8,500 lb GVWR, so heavy-duty nameplates have no entry at all.
Emission certificatesnoneEPA emission certificatesThe EPA published no certificate we could match to a configuration on this page.
Recalls4NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints24NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratings14 testedNHTSA NCAPOnly the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them.
Service bulletins134NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
InvestigationsnoneNHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationNo defect investigation has been opened.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSA8 fieldsNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWhat the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder.
Measured dimensions7 fieldsTransport Canada, Canadian Vehicle SpecificationsLength, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions.
Trims, pricing & equipmentnoneManufacturer press kitWe have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.

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