2021 Volkswagen ID.4
The 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 is sold in the U.S. as an electric compact SUV with 5 EPA-rated configurations. Its longest-range version, the ID.4 Pro, is EPA-rated at 260 miles with 99 MPGe combined efficiency. NHTSA lists 11 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 338 complaints, most often about the electrical system. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Range | kWh/100mi | Charge (240V) | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID.4 Pro | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 107 | 91 | 99 MPGe | 260 mi | 34 | 7.5 h | $750 |
| ID.4 1st | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 104 | 89 | 97 MPGe | 250 mi | 35 | 7.5 h | $800 |
| ID.4 AWD Pro | Electric | AWD | 80 and 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 102 | 90 | 97 MPGe | 249 mi | 34.9 | 7.5 h | $800 |
| ID.4 Pro S | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 104 | 89 | 97 MPGe | 250 mi | 35 | 7.5 h | $800 |
| ID.4 AWD Pro S | Electric | AWD | 80 and 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 98 | 88 | 93 MPGe | 240 mi | 36.3 | 7.5 h | $800 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 44052, 43557, 44725, 43558, 44726.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID.4 1st, ID.4 AWD Pro, ID.4 AWD Pro S, ID.4 Pro, ID.4 Pro S | 10 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 / California ZEV | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay Elite |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV] |
| GVWR class | Class 1D: 5,001 - 6,000 lb (2,268 - 2,722 kg) |
Engine Output
| Horsepower | 201 hp |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Electric |
Seating
| Seat rows | 2 |
| Seating capacity | 5 seats |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | RWD/Rear-Wheel Drive |
| Transmission | Automatic |
| Transmission speeds | 1 |
Driver assistance
Standard: Adaptive cruise control, Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist, Pedestrian automatic emergency braking, Rear cross-traffic alert
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: 1st Edition, Pro, Pro S). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 180.3 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 72.8 in |
| Height | 64.6 in |
| Wheelbase | 109.1 in |
| Track, front | 62.6 in |
| Track, rear | 61.8 in |
| Curb weight | 4,559 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 50/50 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here one configuration: 4-door SUV. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (11)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseStructure
57J9Electrical System
919AStructure
57J5/57J8Electrical System
97ZZAir Bags
69EHElectrical System
93O2Steering
48Q7Seat Belts
69CR, 69CSSeat Belts
69CQExterior Lighting
94O6These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Latches/Locks/Linkages:Doors:Latch — Inadvertent Door Opening closed
On May 16, 2024, the Office of Defects Investigations (ODI) opened Recall Query (RQ) RQ24010 to investigate the remedy and scope of recalls 23V-213 and 23V-312. The affected vehicles by these recalls included model years (MY) 2021 through 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 vehicles. ODI received reports of the vehicle’s doors opening while the vehicle was in motion post recall remedy. ODI, also, received similar allegations on vehicles that were outside the scope of the recalls. Volkswagen issued recall 23V-213 on March 29, 2023, and recall 23V-213 on May 03, 2023. These recalls addressed the defect of water ingress into the circuit board assembly of the door handle. Water ingress can cause communication
Opened May 16, 2024 · closed Nov 4, 2024 · action RQ24010 · the investigation’s page →
Electrical System:Propulsion System — Pedestrian alert sounds closed
NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after March 1, 2021. On January 27, 2023, NHTSA opened Defect Petition (DP) 22-005 to evaluate the subject mat
Opened Jan 27, 2023 · closed Aug 7, 2023 · action DP22005 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific ID.4
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2021 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Volkswagen publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this ID.4 →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database28 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 24 injuries · 0 deaths reported
161 per 10,000 built · Volkswagen reported 20,950 ID.4 built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2021: 19 · 2022: 54 · 2023: 99 · 2024: 67 · 2025: 55 · 2026: 44
Most-cited components
In depth: electrical problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is activating frequently and unexpectedly. Happens on dry roads, under normal and safe driving conditions. ESC is felt as braking one or more wheels, and indicator is flashing on instrument cluster. This is not expected behavior under the driving conditions.
The automatic emergency braking system does not work at all. The lane keeping assistance feature has tried to ram me into concrete walls on the freeway. It has tried to ram me into metal exit fencing. It has tried to ram me into semi trucks. it has tried to run me off the road entirely.
While backing out of the drive way, electronic console of the car went black, we lost control over steering and accelerator functions and potentially brakes (unsure) while car was still moving. This happened at low speed (5-10 MPH). The instrument panel showed message to call service immediately.
On multiple occasions, my brand new ID.4 has shut down while driving giving various error messages relating to the electrical system and safety features--including with the electrical system generally, with the "12 Volt electrical system", with the auto assist braking, with lane assist, etc
The contact owns a 2021 Volkswagen ID.4. The contact stated that after he parked and secured his vehicle to proceed into his residence, he later found out that the vehicle had unintendedly rolled backward out of the driveway. The contact stated that the vehicle did not crash into any objects.
The back up camera lighting is so poor it poses a danger at night. Backing up at night even in well lit areas poses a threat to those around the car. If you apply the brakes this emits some light but if not braking the screen is almost black so it is difficult to see if you are on the road/driveway and if an object was below the camera…
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Volkswagen itself: 19 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 killed, 21 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 91 per 100,000 built. Every ID.4 model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 37 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 12,000 and 48,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical System | 24 | 24,000 | 0.86× |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2021-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 11% |
| SUV RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 10% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Driver-assist crash reports (1)
Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-011 severity unknown
Sep 2025 to Sep 2025 · 0 with an air bag deployment · 0 towed
What was engaged, and what was hit
System named: https://github.com/jyoung8607/openpilot ALC + VW stock ACC (1)
Crash partner: Passenger Car 1
Filed by: comma.ai
| Incident | System | Struck | Injury alleged | State | Speed | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 2025 | Level 2 · https://github.com/jyoung8607/openpilot ALC + VW stock ACC | Passenger Car | unknown | NE | 21 mph | 30351-16125 |
From the manufacturer’s own filing
The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.
Without agreeing with NHTSA's interpretations or conceding that comma is obligated to respond to the General Order, comma provides this information. Comma selects "Unknown" for the question regarding ODD because Comma does not manufacture the vehicle or underlying stock advanced driver assistance systems.
A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Volkswagen warranty extension VWP-24-04These documents are for the Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) Limited Warranty Extension as part of the Class Action Settlement
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Volkswagen warranty extension (9) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Electrical System, Equipment, Unknown Or Other, Structure, Engine.
- V9324012073298_4 Service bulletin2026-09-30 · Electrical System
- range reduction / battery cell replacement
- V9326032083367_1 Service bulletin2026-09-23 · Electrical System
- Steps to take if DTC P0AA500 (DA:008C)
- SM 39-2026 Other2026-09-09 · Unknown Or Other
- This special notice is to inform dealers to return the parts listed if it meets the criteria provided.
- VOS-26-50 Service bulletin2026-08-26 · Unknown Or Other
- This is a notice for software changes with the ODIS diagnostic program to correct the communication during vehicle programming function: A software fix is needed to correct various flash programming errors.
- V9326052081829_2 Service bulletin2026-08-17 · Electrical System
- Diagnosis of low insulation resistance in the High-Voltage (HV) wiring.
- TT 96-26-01 Service bulletin2026-07-30 · Lane Departure — Blind Spot Detection
- Checking Installation and calibration
- V9326052081829_1 Service bulletin2026-07-20 · Electrical System
- Diagnosis of low insulation resistance in the High-Voltage (HV) wiring.
- VOS-26-42 Service bulletin2026-07-15 · Electrical System
- This is a notice for software changes with the ODIS diagnostic program to correct the communication during vehicle programming function: A software fix is needed to correct the issue: DA 0019 - Hotfix 12-V battery test(s) – No battery diagnosis - Inconclusive test result.
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0442 P0442 on Volkswagen → | A small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Unknown Or Other · Gas cap → | 24 bulletins |
| P0456 P0456 on Volkswagen → | A very small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Equipment · Gas cap → | 12 bulletins |
| U04A1 U04A1 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 12 bulletins |
| U04A5 U04A5 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 12 bulletins |
| U04A9 U04A9 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 12 bulletins |
| P0463 P0463 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Equipment | 9 bulletins |
| P0087 P0087 on Volkswagen → | Fuel rail pressure is below what the system commanded. | Electrical System · Fuel pump → | 6 bulletins |
| P0300 P0300 on Volkswagen → | Misfire detected, but not isolated to one cylinder. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 6 bulletins |
| P0301 P0301 on Volkswagen → | Cylinder 1 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 6 bulletins |
| P0302 P0302 on Volkswagen → | Cylinder 2 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 6 bulletins |
| P0303 P0303 on Volkswagen → | Cylinder 3 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 6 bulletins |
| P0304 P0304 on Volkswagen → | Cylinder 4 is misfiring. | Electrical System · Ignition coils → | 6 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 failed the safety inspection on 1.6% of first inspections — close to the 1.5% for every 2021 model-year vehicle inspected.
failed the safety inspection
308 initial inspections of 306 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2021 ID.4 | Every 2021 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the safety inspection | 1.6% | 1.5% | 308 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.32% | 0.19% | 308 |
| Miles driven a year | 9,248 | 10,343 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 49,398 | 54,681 | odometer at inspection |
Electric vehicles get no emissions test in New York, so the safety inspection is the record here. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2021 vehicle” is every 2021 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
ID.4 by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2021 ID.4
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 11 recall campaigns for the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 24V651000, covering Structure. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
NHTSA gave the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 5-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it F (51/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
Across the 5 EPA-rated configurations of the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4, the longest EPA range is 260 miles on a charge. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
Transport Canada measured it at 180.3 in long, 72.8 in wide (body, without mirrors), 64.6 in tall, on a 109.1 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,559 lb. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
Owners have filed 338 complaints with NHTSA about the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4, most often about electrical system, unspecified, forward collision avoidance. Of those, 28 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 24 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
The EPA smog rating for the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 is 10 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California ZEV, Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4?
The manufacturer has filed 389 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4, most often covering electrical system, equipment, unknown or other. The most recent is dated 2026-09-30. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 failed the safety inspection on 1.6% of first inspections — close to the 1.5% for every 2021 model-year vehicle inspected. The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 5 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 5 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 11 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 338 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 2 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 389 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 2 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | 1 | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 9 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.