2023 Volkswagen ID.4
The 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 is sold in the U.S. as an electric compact SUV with 6 EPA-rated configurations. Its longest-range version, the ID.4 Pro, is EPA-rated at 275 miles with 107 MPGe combined efficiency. NHTSA lists 15 recall campaigns for this model year, 6 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 465 complaints, most often about the electrical system. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Range | kWh/100mi | Charge (240V) | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID.4 | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 115 | 99 | 107 MPGe | 209 mi | 31.5 | 6 h | $700 |
| ID.4 Pro | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 115 | 98 | 107 MPGe | 275 mi | 31.5 | 7.5 h | $700 |
| ID.4 Pro S | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 115 | 98 | 107 MPGe | 275 mi | 31.5 | 7.5 h | $700 |
| ID.4 S | Electric | RWD | 150 kW AC 3-Phase | 115 | 99 | 107 MPGe | 209 mi | 31.5 | 6 h | $700 |
| ID.4 AWD Pro | Electric | AWD | TBD | 104 | 93 | 99 MPGe | 255 mi | 34.2 | 7.5 h | $750 |
| ID.4 AWD Pro S | Electric | AWD | TBD | 104 | 93 | 99 MPGe | 255 mi | 34.2 | 7.5 h | $750 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 46032, 46035, 46036, 46037, 46033, 46034.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID.4, ID.4 AWD Pro, ID.4 AWD Pro S, ID.4 Pro, ID.4 Pro S, ID.4 S | 10 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 / California ZEV | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay Elite |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV] |
| Doors | 4 |
| GVWR class | Class 1D: 5,001 - 6,000 lb (2,268 - 2,722 kg) |
Engine Output
| Horsepower | 201 hp |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Electric |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | RWD/Rear-Wheel Drive |
| Transmission | Automatic |
Driver assistance
Standard: Adaptive cruise control, Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist, Parking assist, Pedestrian automatic emergency braking, Rear cross-traffic alert
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: Pro, Pro S, Pro S / Pro S Plus, S). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 180.3 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 72.8 in |
| Height | 64.6 in |
| Wheelbase | 109.1 in |
| Track, front | 62.6 in |
| Track, rear | 61.8 in |
| Curb weight | 4,339–4,828 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 50/50 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 4 configurations: 4-door SUV, 4-door SUV Base, 4-door SUV Pro AWD, 4-door SUV Pro RWD. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (15)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseElectrical System
93EAElectrical System
93EWElectrical System
93EVSuspension
42HXPower Train
Audi: 454R VW: 97H3Back Over Prevention
91B3Structure
57J9Air Bags
69E8Electrical System
919AStructure
60G3Structure
57J4Electrical System
97HAElectrical System
19Q9Back Over Prevention
VW: 91EK, Audi: 91ELThese are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Latches/Locks/Linkages:Doors:Latch — Inadvertent Door Opening closed
On May 16, 2024, the Office of Defects Investigations (ODI) opened Recall Query (RQ) RQ24010 to investigate the remedy and scope of recalls 23V-213 and 23V-312. The affected vehicles by these recalls included model years (MY) 2021 through 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 vehicles. ODI received reports of the vehicle’s doors opening while the vehicle was in motion post recall remedy. ODI, also, received similar allegations on vehicles that were outside the scope of the recalls. Volkswagen issued recall 23V-213 on March 29, 2023, and recall 23V-213 on May 03, 2023. These recalls addressed the defect of water ingress into the circuit board assembly of the door handle. Water ingress can cause communication
Opened May 16, 2024 · closed Nov 4, 2024 · action RQ24010 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific ID.4
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2023 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Volkswagen publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this ID.4 →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database56 involved a crash · 7 a fire · 33 injuries · 0 deaths reported
94 per 10,000 built · Volkswagen reported 49,608 ID.4 built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2022: 2 · 2023: 94 · 2024: 182 · 2025: 94 · 2026: 93
Most-cited components
In depth: electrical problems → · body and structure problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
On Saturday, February 4, 2023. At approximately 7am. I entered the vehicle to warm the car. (It was a cold day). I tried to exit the vehicle, but I could not exit the driver's side door. It was not opening. I tried many times via the door handle and the key fob. Neither worked.
On Saturday, December 24th, I was leaving to go to the gym with my wife. I pulled left out of the driveway and we heard a loud screeching type noise, very high-pitched. Many lights came on in the vehicle at that point. Too numerous to document actually which ones.
Our forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, rear cross traffic warning systems stopped working on our 2023 ID.4 with 2500 miles on it about 2 weeks ago. Took it to the dealership on 3/3/23 for repairs, after 4 hours the tech came out and was clueless what to what was causing the issue.
Second day after purchasing the new car, WHILE DRIVING the front passenger door just swung open. I thought it was not closed properly, but it kept happening again! I took it to the dealer and was informed that they are seeing multiple cars with the same issue.
On long drives (1+ hour or more) my 2023 VW ID.4 Pro S (all electric) displays a "limited driving power" warning at random times, and the speed drops by half or more. This has happened on all long drives (5 separate days) and the car has been serviced by the dealer three times and they cannot find a solution.
Upon entering the vehicle it is displayed that there is a 12V error and that the electrical system is malfunctioning. The vehicle cannot be put into gear. Exiting the vehicle and reentering the vehicle clears the error most of the time, making it seem like this error is false.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Volkswagen itself: 35 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 51 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 71 per 100,000 built. Every ID.4 model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 47 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 4,000 and 24,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical System | 27 | 12,000 | 0.83× |
| Back Over Prevention | 17 | 10,000 | 0.67× |
| Equipment | 12 | 13,477 | — |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2023-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Here, owners reported earlier than same-age vehicles: back over prevention (0.67×). Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 11% |
| SUV RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 10% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Driver-assist crash reports (2)
Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-012 no injury reported
Mar 2024 to Jul 2024 · 1 with an air bag deployment · 2 towed
What was engaged, and what was hit
System named: EV_FRONTRADARCONTIVW310_003 (1)
Crash partner: Other 2
Filed by: Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.
| Incident | System | Struck | Injury alleged | State | Speed | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 2024 | Level 2 · EV_FRONTRADARCONTIVW310_003 | Other | no injury reported | NC | 65 mph | 1420-8202 |
| Mar 2024 | Level 2 | Other | no injury reported | MO | 70 mph | 1420-7400 |
From the manufacturer’s own filing
The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.
The customer/driver of the subject vehicle notified Volkswagen Group of America (VWGoA) of an incident that occurred while traveling on the highway with travel assist (SAE L2 system) activated. According to the customer, they unexpectedly lost control of the vehicle in which it veered to the right, impacting the concrete wall / sound barrier.
The customer/driver of the vehicle called to notify that while driving on the highway at 70mph, with adaptive cruise control and lane assist active, the vehicle hit a guard rail, and claims the steering wheel would not turn. The customer does not state any injuries/medical treatment, involvement of other road users, or airbag deployments.
A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- 2 years, unlimited miles · Volkswagen warranty extension VWP-25-01Volkswagen has extended the Warranty coverage for the Steering Wheel for 2 years / Unlimited mileage, whichever occurs first, from the expiration of the New Vehicle Limited Warranty, for certain 2023…
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Volkswagen warranty extension (9) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Electrical System, Unknown Or Other, Engine, Equipment, Seat Belts.
- V9324012073298_4 Service bulletin2026-09-30 · Electrical System
- range reduction / battery cell replacement
- V9326032083367_1 Service bulletin2026-09-23 · Electrical System
- Steps to take if DTC P0AA500 (DA:008C)
- TT 96 26 01 Other2026-09-17 · Lane Departure — Assist
- Heat Sensative Trouble Shooting Explanation.
- SM 39-2026 Other2026-09-09 · Unknown Or Other
- This special notice is to inform dealers to return the parts listed if it meets the criteria provided.
- V4619022015173_35 Service bulletin2026-08-27 · Service Brakes
- Brake rotor resurfacing
- VOS-26-50 Service bulletin2026-08-26 · Unknown Or Other
- This is a notice for software changes with the ODIS diagnostic program to correct the communication during vehicle programming function: A software fix is needed to correct various flash programming errors.
- V9326052081829_2 Service bulletin2026-08-17 · Electrical System
- Diagnosis of low insulation resistance in the High-Voltage (HV) wiring.
- V4418012043620_10 Service bulletin2026-08-11 · Steering
- Warranty Alignment Worksheet
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0442 P0442 on Volkswagen → | A small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Unknown Or Other · Gas cap → | 54 bulletins |
| U04A1 U04A1 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 24 bulletins |
| U04A5 U04A5 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 24 bulletins |
| U04A9 U04A9 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 24 bulletins |
| P0456 P0456 on Volkswagen → | A very small leak in the evaporative emissions system. | Electrical System · Gas cap → | 23 bulletins |
| P04F0 P04F0 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 20 bulletins |
| P0462 P0462 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 13 bulletins |
| P0463 P0463 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 13 bulletins |
| P2402 P2402 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 12 bulletins |
| P0087 P0087 on Volkswagen → | Fuel rail pressure is below what the system commanded. | Unknown Or Other · Fuel pump → | 5 bulletins |
| P055F P055F on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Unknown Or Other | 5 bulletins |
| P0322 P0322 on Volkswagen → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 failed the safety inspection on 1.4% of first inspections — close to the 1.1% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected.
failed the safety inspection
1,013 initial inspections of 992 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2023 ID.4 | Every 2023 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the safety inspection | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1,013 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.20% | 0.16% | 1,013 |
| Miles driven a year | 8,696 | 10,038 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 27,934 | 32,673 | odometer at inspection |
Electric vehicles get no emissions test in New York, so the safety inspection is the record here. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2023 vehicle” is every 2023 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
ID.4 by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2023 ID.4
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 15 recall campaigns for the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4, 6 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 26V630000, covering Electrical System. 2 of them were filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. There is an active park outside advisory — act on it before driving. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
NHTSA gave the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 5-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it F (24/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
Across the 6 EPA-rated configurations of the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4, the longest EPA range is 275 miles on a charge. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
Transport Canada measured it at 180.3 in long, 72.8 in wide (body, without mirrors), 64.6 in tall, on a 109.1 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,339–4,828 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
Owners have filed 465 complaints with NHTSA about the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4, most often about electrical system, unspecified, forward collision avoidance. Of those, 56 involved a crash, 7 a fire, 33 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
The EPA smog rating for the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 is 10 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California ZEV, Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4?
The manufacturer has filed 320 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4, most often covering electrical system, unknown or other, engine. The most recent is dated 2026-09-30. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Volkswagen ID.4 failed the safety inspection on 1.4% of first inspections — close to the 1.1% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected. The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 6 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 6 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 15 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 465 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 2 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 320 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 1 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | 2 | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 7 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.