2018 Mazda CX-5
The 2018 Mazda CX-5 is sold in the U.S. as a gas and diesel compact SUV with 4 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the CX-5 2WD, is EPA-rated at 29 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 3 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of C. Owners have filed 351 complaints, most often about the engine. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CX-5 2WD | Gas | FWD | 2.5L 4-cyl | 25 | 31 | 28 | $2,400 |
| CX-5 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 2.5L 4-cyl | 24 | 30 | 26 | $2,600 |
| CX-5 2WD | Diesel | FWD | 2.2L 4-cyl turbo | 28 | 31 | 29 | $3,300 |
| CX-5 4WD | Diesel | 4WD | 2.2L 4-cyl turbo | 27 | 30 | 28 | $3,400 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 39777, 39781, 40521, 40522.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CX-5 2WD, CX-5 4WD | 7 / 10 | California LEV-III SULEV30 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| CX-5 2WD, CX-5 4WD | 1 / 10 | California LEV-III LEV160 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 160 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV] |
| Doors | 4 |
| GVWR class | Class 1C: 4,001 - 5,000 lb (1,814 - 2,268 kg) |
Engine Basics
| Cylinders | 4 |
| Displacement | 2.5 L |
| Engine configuration | In-Line |
Engine Output
| Horsepower | 187 hp |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Gasoline |
Seating
| Seating capacity | 5 seats |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | 4x2 |
| Transmission | Automatic |
| Transmission speeds | 6 |
Driver assistance
Standard: Adaptive cruise control, Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: Grand Touring, Sport, Touring). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 179.1 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 72.4 in |
| Height | 66.1 in |
| Wheelbase | 106.3 in |
| Track, front | 63.0 in |
| Track, rear | 63.0 in |
| Curb weight | 3,318–3,657 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 57/43 to 59/41 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 3 configurations: 2.0L FWD 4-door SUV, 2.5L AWD 4-door SUV, 2.5L FWD 4-door SUV. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2018 Mazda CX-5 is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (3)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseEngine
3719FAir Bags
2718FThese are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
Whether any of this applies to one specific CX-5
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2018 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Mazda publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2018 Mazda CX-5, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2018 Mazda CX-5
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this CX-5 →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database19 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 6 injuries · 0 deaths reported
25 per 10,000 built · Mazda reported 143,041 CX-5 built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2018: 14 · 2019: 34 · 2020: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2022: 51 · 2023: 44 · 2024: 73 · 2025: 55 · 2026: 44
Most-cited components
In depth: engine problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
Intermittent airbag or seatbelt fault warning. Every couple days over past 7days while driving at highway speed light comes on. Display says fault in passenger airbag or seatbelt. Once car is shut off warning stops and is erased. No passengers are in the seat at the time. Even if buckle seatbelt in empty seat warning can appear.
Vehicle went into limp mode while passing on two lane road. Cause was determined to be wrong logic in PCM for cylinder deactivation. This worng logic caused low oil pressure in the lifter during deactivation which in turn caused the rocker arm to become dislodged rendering the associated valve inoperable.
I just use my car around town...putting less than 10,000 mi a year on the car. This problem has happened several times. I mentioned the problem to the dealership when I bring the car in for service, & they return the car saying they didn't find a problem???
First noticed in a shopping center parking lot. I was distracted by something and did not put car transmission shift control in park. I touched engine start/ stop switch and engine turns off as it should. I proceeded to exit the car and noticed it rolling away.
The contact owns a 2018 Mazda Cx-5. While pulling into a parking space at 5 MPH, the vehicle accelerated on its own while the brake pedal was depressed. As a result, the vehicle drove over a median and crashed into another vehicle. The air bags did not deploy. There were no injuries and a police report was filed.
Sudden windshield cracking 11-14-2018 our 2018 Cx-5 has 7500 miles and driving at night with very little traffic on the freeway in southern california the windshield just cracked from the center down approx. 5 inches , there is no sign that it was hit by a stone or rock .
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Mazda itself: 35 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 36 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 24 per 100,000 built. Every CX-5 model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 81 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 3,000 and 40,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Engine | 29 | 28,000 | 0.56× |
| Service Brakes | 15 | 6,950 | 0.24× |
| Fuel/Propulsion System | 12 | 35,000 | 1.1× |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2018-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Here, owners reported earlier than same-age vehicles: engine (0.56×), service brakes (0.24×). Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Across 2018–2019 model years the Mazda CX-5 ranks 32 of 79 nameplates in the odometer-at-first-complaint study: owners reported problems at 0.79× the mileage of vehicles the same age (median 16,000 miles against a fleet 23,512).
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| SUV FWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| SUV AWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| SUV FWD | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- 15 years or 150,000 miles, whichever comes first · Mazda warranty extension SSPD8SSPD8 - Check Engine Light ON with DTC P0126:00 - WARRANTY EXTENSION For certain 2018-2025MY CX-5, 2019-2023MY Mazda3, 2019-2022MY CX-3, 2018-2021MY Mazda6, 2020-2023MY CX-30 that are equipped with…
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Mazda warranty extension CSP13Mazda connect infotainment system limited warranty extension.
- Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Mazda warranty extension CSP12DENSO LOW-PRESSURE FUEL PUMP CUSTOMER SERVICE PROGRAM WARRANTY EXTENSION: Attention ALL Mazda Dealers: This is a Warranty Extension and not a recall campaign.
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Mazda warranty extension (9) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Engine, Equipment, Electrical System, Power Train, Structure.
- SA-041-26a Service bulletin2026-09-11 · Electrical System
- DESCRIPTION If you encounter any type of electrical concern (e.g, dead battery, engine no start, DTC(s) stored...), interview the customer before proceeding with normal MGSS diagnosis by asking if any aftermarket devices have been installed. Aftermarket devices may be the cause of the electrical concern. Below are a few examples of unusual electrical concerns caused by aftermarket devices. Example
- 01-010-26 Service bulletin2026-08-10 · Engine
- This bulletin supersedes the previously issued bulletin(s) listed below. The changes are noted in Red text. 01-012/22 10/06/22 DESCRIPTION Some vehicles may exhibit accumulation of dried coolant (1) around the water pipe (2). This is caused by a gap between the housing and pipe due to a press fitting during the manufacturing process. The accumulated coolant is solidified and plugs the gap in high
- SA-041-26 Service bulletin2026-06-19 · Engine
- This SA supersedes the previously issued SA(s) listed below. The changes are noted in Red. SA-061/25 12/17/25 DESCRIPTION If you encounter any type of electrical concern (e.g, dead battery, engine no start, DTC(s) stored...), interview the customer before proceeding with normal MGSS diagnosis by asking if any aftermarket devices have been installed. Aftermarket devices may be the cause of the elec
- 01-008-26 Service bulletin2026-05-01 · Power Train
- This bulletin supersedes the previously issued bulletin(s) listed below. The changes are noted in Red. 01-008/23 06/05/23 Some vehicles may exhibit rattling noises from the engine compartment and oil leakage from the drive belt auto tensioner. This may be caused by insufficient sealing at the drive belt auto tensioner damper when the auto tensioner fully operates under both high ambient temperat
- SA-031-26 Service bulletin2026-04-30 · Structure — Body
- DESCRIPTION Some vehicles may require the replacement of a damaged VIN plate or vehicle certification label. To obtain a replacement VIN plate (bulkhead-mounted and visible through the lower-left area of the windshield), contact DAG (Dealer Assistance Group) using VIN Plate Request Form available on One Mazda. To obtain a replacement vehicle certification label (located on the Bpillar or front do
- SA-029-26 Service bulletin2026-04-21 · Engine
- This Service Alert supersedes the previously issued SA listed below: The changes are noted in Red. SA-011/24 02/12/24, 06/06/24, 07/29/24 DESCRIPTION Mazda has developed factory recommended scheduled maintenance services that support all major vehicle systems. Mazda recommends dealers follow the scheduled maintenance tables as cited in the vehicle-specific workshop manual or owner's manual. Servic
- SA-026-26 Service bulletin2026-04-16 · Engine
- This Service Alert supersedes the previously issued M-Tip(s) listed below. The changes are noted in Red text. MT-002/19 09/30/19 and 12/19/19 DESCRIPTION If an engine assembly is replaced after a catastrophic internal mechanical failure, clean the intake manifold internally before installing a replacement engine assembly. If the intake manifold is not cleaned properly, the replacement engine may f
- SA-023-26 Service bulletin2026-04-11 · Fuel/Propulsion System
- This Service Alert supersedes the previously issued M-Tip(s) listed below. The changes are noted in Red text. MT-003/22 03/02/22 DESCRIPTION Some customers may complain about a tapping or knocking noise coming from the rear seat after fuel fill. The concern will likely occur if the fuel tank is overfilled (more fuel is added after the fuel pump nozzle shuts off automatically) or filled up normally
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0126 P0126 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 36 bulletins |
| P061B P061B on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 12 bulletins |
| P0524 P0524 on Mazda → | Engine oil pressure has been measured below the safe limit. | Engine | 9 bulletins |
| C1001 C1001 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Forward Collision Avoidance | 7 bulletins · 1 owner report |
| U3000 U3000 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 8 bulletins |
| P055F P055F on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 7 bulletins |
| P2B61 P2B61 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 7 bulletins |
| P3400 P3400 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 7 bulletins |
| B14F0 B14F0 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Forward Collision Avoidance | 5 bulletins |
| P0780 P0780 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 5 bulletins |
| P0842 P0842 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 5 bulletins |
| P0847 P0847 on Mazda → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 5 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2018 Mazda CX-5 failed the emissions check on 1.4% of first inspections — lower than the 3.0% for every 2018 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 2.6% (every 2018 vehicle: 1.9%).
failed emissions
5,812 initial inspections of 5,694 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2018 CX-5 | Every 2018 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 1.4% | 3.0% | 5,805 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 2.6% | 1.9% | 5,812 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.21% | 0.22% | 5,812 |
| Miles driven a year | 9,584 | 10,002 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 79,311 | 82,833 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2018 vehicle” is every 2018 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
CX-5 by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2018 CX-5
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2018 Mazda CX-5 have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 3 recall campaigns for the 2018 Mazda CX-5. The most serious on file is 21V875000, covering Fuel System, Gasoline. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
NHTSA gave the 2018 Mazda CX-5 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 5-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it C (79/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
Across the 4 EPA-rated configurations of the 2018 Mazda CX-5, the best EPA combined figure is 29 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
Transport Canada measured it at 179.1 in long, 72.4 in wide (body, without mirrors), 66.1 in tall, on a 106.3 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 3,318–3,657 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
Owners have filed 351 complaints with NHTSA about the 2018 Mazda CX-5, most often about engine, unspecified, power train. Of those, 19 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 6 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
The EPA smog rating for the 2018 Mazda CX-5 runs 1 to 7 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III LEV160, California LEV-III SULEV30, Federal Tier 3 Bin 160, Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2018 Mazda CX-5?
The manufacturer has filed 634 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2018 Mazda CX-5, most often covering engine, equipment, electrical system. The most recent is dated 2026-09-11. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2018 Mazda CX-5 do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2018 Mazda CX-5 failed the emissions check on 1.4% of first inspections — lower than the 3.0% for every 2018 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 2.6% (every 2018 vehicle: 1.9%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 4 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 4 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 3 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 351 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 4 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 634 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | none | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | No defect investigation has been opened. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 12 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.