2023 Ford Bronco
The 2023 Ford Bronco is sold in the U.S. as a gas compact SUV with 13 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Bronco 4WD, is EPA-rated at 20 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 18 recall campaigns for this model year, 5 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 230 complaints, most often about the visibility/wiper.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronco 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 20 | 21 | 20 | $3,350 |
| Bronco 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 20 | 21 | 20 | $3,350 |
| Bronco 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.7L 6-cyl turbo | 19 | 21 | 20 | $3,350 |
| Bronco Black Diamond 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 18 | 18 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Bronco Black Diamond 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.7L 6-cyl turbo | 18 | 18 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 18 | 17 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Bronco Badlands 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 17 | 17 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Badlands 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 16 | 17 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Badlands 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.7L 6-cyl turbo | 17 | 17 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Black Diamond 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 16 | 18 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.3L 4-cyl turbo | 16 | 18 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 2.7L 6-cyl turbo | 17 | 17 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Bronco Raptor 4WD | Gas | 4WD (part-time) | 3.0L 6-cyl turbo | 15 | 16 | 15 | $4,450 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 46189, 46190, 46191, 46195, 46197, 46198, 46192, 46193, 46194, 46196.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronco 4WD, Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | 5 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV70 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Bronco 4WD, Bronco Badlands 4WD, Bronco Black Diamond 4WD, Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | 5 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Bronco 4WD | 6 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV50 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 50 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Bronco Badlands 4WD, Bronco Black Diamond 4WD, Bronco Raptor 4WD, Bronco Sasquatch 4WD | 6 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 50 / California LEV-III ULEV50 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV] |
| Doors | 2 |
| GVWR class | Class 1D: 5,001 - 6,000 lb (2,268 - 2,722 kg) |
Engine Basics
| Cylinders | 4 |
| Displacement | 2.3 L |
| Engine configuration | In-Line |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Gasoline |
Seating
| Seat rows | 2 |
| Seating capacity | 4 seats |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | 4WD/4-Wheel Drive/4x4 |
Driver assistance
Standard: Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Pedestrian automatic emergency braking
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: Base, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks, Base, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks, Badlands, Wildtrak, Base, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks, Badlands, Wildtrak, Everglades). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 165.0–189.4 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 79.5 in |
| Height | 72.0–78.7 in |
| Wheelbase | 100.4–116.1 in |
| Track, front | 66.9 in |
| Track, rear | 66.9 in |
| Curb weight | 4,288–4,628 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 54/46 to 57/43 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 4 configurations: 2-door 2.3L SUV, 2-door 2.7L SUV, 4-door 2.3L SUV, 4-door 2.7L SUV. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2023 Ford Bronco is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (18)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseStructure
26S47Power Train
26S26Back Over Prevention
26S09Seats
25SB5Equipment
25SA4Fuel System, Gasoline
25S75Back Over Prevention
23S48Back Over Prevention
25S49Suspension
25S01Latches/Locks/Linkages
24S15Visibility
24S10Power Train
23S44Equipment
23C18Seat Belts
23C16Wheels
23S17Steering
23S09Power Train
23S06These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
Whether any of this applies to one specific Bronco
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2023 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Ford publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2023 Ford Bronco, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2023 Ford Bronco
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Bronco →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database6 involved a crash · 3 a fire · 3 injuries · 0 deaths reported
18 per 10,000 built · Ford reported 127,172 Bronco built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2022: 1 · 2023: 112 · 2024: 36 · 2025: 36 · 2026: 45
Most-cited components
In depth: visibility and wiper problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
I live on the north Oregon coast, very rainy one minute, nothing the next. Rural area, could be anything man or beast in the road. The windshield wipers stopped operating in a heavy down pour even though I had the setting for the wipers on low. Felt unsafe, almost zero visibility.
Within the first 500 miles on my brand new bronco, I noticed a strange burning smell after driving it one day. The next morning when I started it, I heard what I thought was a heat shield rattle, and as I continued to drive my bronco to work throughout the week the noise got worse.
2nd day of ownership and rear view camera failed. Called Ford and they said it was two months until they have an appointment
The contact owns a 2023 Ford Bronco. The contact stated while driving in rainy weather at an undisclosed speed, the windshield wipers reduced speed and became inoperable. The vehicle was taken to the dealer where the mechanic was able to duplicate the failure; however, the mechanic was unable to determine the cause of the failure.
The wipers will slow down to almost a complete stop after approximately 1 minute of operation no matter what setting they are on (constant or intermittent) no matter how much rain is on the windshield on my 2023 Ford Bronco.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Ford itself: 7 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 8 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 5.5 per 100,000 built. Every Bronco model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 21 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 6,000 and 23,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2DR 4WD | not rated | not rated | not rated | ★★★☆☆ | 26% |
| SUV 4WD | not rated | ★★★★☆ | not rated | ★★★☆☆ | 26% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communicationsMost often about: Unknown Or Other, Electrical System, Power Train, Equipment, Structure.
- TSB 26-2442 Service bulletin2026-10-14 · Electrical System
- This bulletin supersedes 26-2297. Reason for update: Add 2022-2025 Transit vehicles. Some of the vehicles listed in the model statement above equipped with SYNC4 may experience a blank center display screen or black center display screen after welcome animation. The rear-view camera will still function when shifting the vehicle to reverse under these conditions.
- SSM 55240 Service bulletin2026-10-12 · Unknown Or Other
- Some 2021-2024 Bronco vehicles may exhibit an illuminated red brake warning indicator with diagnostic trouble code (DTC) C0049:01 stored in the anti-lock brake system (ABS) module. This may be due to pin fitment at the brake fluid level sensor connector. To resolve this concern, replace the brake fluid reservoir and replace the brake fluid level sensor electrical connector C1052 with service pigta
- SSM 55228 Service bulletin2026-10-08 · Unknown Or Other
- Some 2020-2026 Aviator/Explorer/F-150/Bronco/Ranger vehicles equipped with a 2.7L or 3.0L (non-diesel) engine may need the front engine cover removed and reinstalled for various reasons. The Workshop Manual (WSM), Section 303-01 Engine > Removal and Installation > Engine Front Cover service procedure has been updated to include a new essential special service tool (ESST) guide pin alignment tool (
- TSB 26-2380 Service bulletin2026-09-24 · Unknown Or Other
- This article supersedes TSB 25-2575 to update the Parts list to add the applicable body wiring harnesses and underbody shield bolts. Some vehicles listed in the Model statement above may exhibit a "Sta-bar Disconnect Service Required" message in the instrument panel cluster (IPC) with any of the following diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) stored in the chassis control module (CHCM): C103A, C1A99, C1
- TCU-26.2.12.2.2 Mach E, F Over-the-air update2026-09-16 · Unknown Or Other
- Quality improvements include: -Addresses a bug that may cause updates to fail
- ECG-26.2.12.3 Bronco,Esca Over-the-air update2026-09-09 · Electrical System
- Quality improvements include: -ePrivacy enhancements
- SSM 55100 Service bulletin2026-08-22 · Unknown Or Other
- For Various Ford and Lincoln vehicles, if diagnostics lead to the replacement of the front seat cushion cover J-clips, lower-level service parts are now available. Use service part W709919-S901 if the J-clip is completely detached from the seat cover and W715386-S424 if the clip is still partially attached. It is not necessary to replace the seat cover if only the J-clip is separating from the cov
- SSM 55073 Service bulletin2026-08-10 · Power Train
- Some 2021-2026 Bronco vehicles may require the removal and installation of the transfer case for various reasons. Installation requires Loctite® 243 adhesive applied to the mounting bolt threads in the transmission. Make sure that the mating faces are clean and dry. Tightening the mounting bolts also requires an updated two-stage tightening sequence. Workshop Manual (WSM), Sections 307-07C/D and 3
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| B1A67 B1A67 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C103A C103A on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C1A99 C1A99 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C1B03 C1B03 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C1B07 C1B07 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C1B14 C1B14 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| P0072 P0072 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 4 bulletins |
| U0146 U0146 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| U2402 | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 4 bulletins |
| C0049 C0049 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Service Brakes · Brake pads → | 3 bulletins |
| P0071 P0071 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 3 bulletins |
| P0073 P0073 on Ford → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Power Train | 3 bulletins |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Ford Bronco failed the emissions check on 0.90% of first inspections — lower than the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.49% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%).
failed emissions
3,662 initial inspections of 3,620 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2023 Bronco | Every 2023 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 0.90% | 1.6% | 3,649 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 0.49% | 1.1% | 3,662 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.19% | 0.16% | 3,662 |
| Miles driven a year | 8,535 | 10,038 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 28,548 | 32,673 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2023 vehicle” is every 2023 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Bronco by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2023 Bronco
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2023 Ford Bronco have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 18 recall campaigns for the 2023 Ford Bronco, 5 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 26V468000, covering Engine. 3 of them were filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. The manufacturer's own estimate for when a fix would be ready: December 2026. 2 campaigns are phased, so the repair reached some model years before others. There is an active do not drive advisory — act on it before driving. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2023 Ford Bronco?
NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2023 Ford Bronco yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it F (25/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2023 Ford Bronco?
Across the 13 EPA-rated configurations of the 2023 Ford Bronco, the best EPA combined figure is 20 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2023 Ford Bronco?
Transport Canada measured it at 165.0–189.4 in long, 79.5 in wide (body, without mirrors), 72.0–78.7 in tall, on a 100.4–116.1 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,288–4,628 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2023 Ford Bronco?
Owners have filed 230 complaints with NHTSA about the 2023 Ford Bronco, most often about visibility/wiper, electrical system, power train. Of those, 6 involved a crash, 3 a fire, 3 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2023 Ford Bronco?
The EPA smog rating for the 2023 Ford Bronco runs 5 to 6 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III ULEV50, California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 50, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2023 Ford Bronco?
The manufacturer has filed 211 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2023 Ford Bronco, most often covering unknown or other, electrical system, power train. The most recent is dated 2026-10-14. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2023 Ford Bronco do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Ford Bronco failed the emissions check on 0.90% of first inspections — lower than the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.49% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 13 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 13 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 18 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 230 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 2 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 211 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | none | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | No defect investigation has been opened. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 10 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.