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2022 Porsche Cayenne

Plug-in hybrid Gas

Standard Sport Utility Vehicle 4WD
11 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26

Safety Signal

76 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record

Recalls1 critical 3

Complaintsnone reporting a crash, fire or injury 4

Crash ratingnot rated by NHTSA —

Fuel economybest combined, EPA 21 mpg

2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016

The 2022 Porsche Cayenne is sold in the U.S. as a plug-in hybrid and gas large SUV with 11 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Cayenne/Coupe E-Hybrid, is EPA-rated at 21 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 3 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of C. Owners have filed 4 complaints, most often about the back over prevention.

Porsche Cayenne — photograph via Wikimedia Commons — Porsche Cayenne · Photo: Alexander Migl · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov

Configuration	Powertrain	Drive	Engine / motor	City	Hwy	Comb	Range	kWh/100mi	Charge (240V)	Annual fuel*
Cayenne/Coupe E-Hybrid	Plug-in hybrid	AWD	3.0L 6-cyl turbo + 99 kW DC Brushless	20	22	21 (27 MPGe blended)	17 mi electric	72	3 h	$3,900
Cayenne Turbo S/Coupe E-Hybrid	Plug-in hybrid	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo + 99 kW DC Brushless	17	20	18 (22 MPGe blended)	15 mi electric	82	3 h	$4,550
Cayenne	Gas	AWD	3.0L 6-cyl turbo	17	22	19	—	—	—	$4,350
Cayenne / Cayenne Coupe	Gas	AWD	3.0L 6-cyl turbo	17	22	19	—	—	—	$4,350
Cayenne S	Gas	AWD	2.9L 6-cyl turbo	16	22	18	—	—	—	$4,550
Cayenne S Coupe	Gas	AWD	2.9L 6-cyl turbo	16	21	18	—	—	—	$4,550
Cayenne GTS	Gas	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo	15	19	17	—	—	—	$4,850
Cayenne GTS Coupe	Gas	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo	15	19	17	—	—	—	$4,850
Cayenne Turbo Coupe	Gas	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo	15	20	17	—	—	—	$4,850
Cayenne Turbo	Gas	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo	14	19	16	—	—	—	$5,150
Cayenne Turbo GT Coupe	Gas	AWD	4.0L 8-cyl turbo	14	19	16	—	—	—	$5,150

*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 44442, 44443, 45130, 44676, 44677, 44678, 44682, 44683, 44681, 44679.

Emissions & certification

Source: EPA emission certificates

Configuration	Smog rating	Emission standard	Where it can be sold new	SmartWay
Cayenne, Cayenne / Cayenne Coupe, Cayenne S, Cayenne S Coupe, Cayenne/Coupe E-Hybrid	5 / 10	California LEV-III ULEV70 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 70	All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards	—
Cayenne GTS, Cayenne GTS Coupe, Cayenne Turbo, Cayenne Turbo Coupe, Cayenne Turbo GT Coupe, Cayenne Turbo S/Coupe E-Hybrid	3 / 10	California LEV-III ULEV125 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 125	All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards	—

Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.

The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.

Specifications filed with NHTSA

Source: NHTSA vPIC

Dimensions Exterior

Body style	Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV]
Doors	4
GVWR class	Class 2E: 6,001 - 7,000 lb (2,722 - 3,175 kg)

Engine Basics

Cylinders	6
Displacement	3 L

Engine Output

Horsepower

335 hp

Fuel Economy

Fuel	Gasoline

Seating

Seat rows	2
Seating capacity	5 seats

Transmission

Drivetrain	AWD/All-Wheel Drive
Transmission	Automatic
Transmission speeds	8

Driver assistance

Standard: Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Parking assist

Optional: Adaptive cruise control, Blind-spot monitoring, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist

Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: Base, E-Hybrid, S). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.

Dimensions & weight

Source: Transport Canada

Length	193.7–194.1 in
Width (body, without mirrors)	78.0 in
Height	66.1–66.9 in
Wheelbase	114.2 in
Track, front	65.7–66.1 in
Track, rear	65.0–65.7 in
Curb weight	4,376–5,589 lb
Weight distribution, front/rear	56/44

Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 8 configurations: Base / S 4-door SUV, Base/S Coupe 4-door SUV, E-Hybrid 4-door SUV, E-Hybrid Coupe 4-door SUV, Turbo 4-door SUV, Turbo Coupe 4-door SUV …. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.

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Recalls (3)

Source: NHTSA recall database

●moderate

Back Over Prevention

ASB2

172,107 vehicles 47% reported repaired

Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2019-2025 Cayenne, Cayenne E-Hybrid, 2020-2025 911, Taycan, 2024-2025 Panamera, and 2025 Panamera E-Hybrid vehicles. The rearview camera image may not display when the vehicle is placed in reverse. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, "Rear Visibility." Risk A rearview image that does not display properly reduces the driver's view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash. Fix Dealers will update the driver assistance software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 13, 2026. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ASB2. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning January 19, 2026.

Filed with NHTSADefect report PDF Owner letter PDF Remedy instructions PDF

NHTSA campaign 25V896000 reported Dec 19, 2025 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

!critical

Electrical System

APB6

41,345 vehicles 61% reported repaired

Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling various models and model years. Please see the recall report for a list of the included vehicles. When using the industrial 220V/240V plug at the 100% charge setting, some home power outlets may be incapable of handling the electrical current required to utilize the compact charging system, causing the outlet or charging cable to overheat. Risk An overheated outlet or charging cable can increase the risk of a fire. Fix Owners are advised not to use the 220V/240V compact/portable charging cable and only use the 110V home charging cable or public charging stations. Dealers will supply a new 220V/240V compact/portable charging cable with an incorporated temperature sensor, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on October 24, 2024. A second notice will be sent once remedy parts become available, anticipated mid-2024. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's numbe

Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF Remedy instructions PDF

NHTSA campaign 23V841000 reported Dec 13, 2023 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

●moderate

Tires

ANA1

1,241 vehicles 99% reported repaired

Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2021-2022 Cayenne vehicles. The rear axle alignment may not have been inspected after the repairs for Recall 21V-271 (AMA9) were performed. Risk Rear axle misalignment may cause premature or uneven tire wear, increasing the risk of a crash. Fix Dealers will inspect the rear axle, adjust the alignment as necessary, and replace any prematurely or unevenly worn tires, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 10, 2022. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is ANA1.

Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF Remedy instructions PDF

NHTSA campaign 22V040000 reported Jan 28, 2022 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

NHTSA defect investigations

Electrical System:Propulsion System — Pedestrian alert sounds closed

NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after March 1, 2021. On January 27, 2023, NHTSA opened Defect Petition (DP) 22-005 to evaluate the subject mat

Opened Jan 27, 2023 · closed Aug 7, 2023 · action DP22005 · the investigation’s page →

Whether any of this applies to one specific Cayenne

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2022 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Porsche publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

NHTSA VIN check →Porsche’s own VIN lookup →

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2022 Porsche Cayenne, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database

4complaints filed

0 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 0 injuries · 0 deaths reported

2.7 per 10,000 built · Porsche reported 14,920 Cayenne built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)

Filed per year: 2026: 4

Most-cited components

Back Over Prevention 1

Electrical System 1

Visibility/Wiper 1

Suspension 1

Seat Belts 1

Air Bags 1

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

I own a 2022 Porsche Cayenne. The vehicle intermittently displays a red “Occupant seat belt not fastened – Fasten seat belt” warning and sounds the seat belt warning chime while the front passenger seat is completely unoccupied and nothing is placed on the seat.

Seat Belts Oct 3, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11768707

While driving at highway speed, my 2022 Porsche Cayenne S experienced an air suspension / air spring strut failure requiring a dealer repair costing approximately $4,000. Porsche has a related service campaign, WND6 / No.

Suspension Jul 5, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11748386

I am filing a complaint regarding an ongoing and unresolved HVAC odor issue affecting my 2023 Porsche Cayenne S Platinum Edition. Since shortly after taking ownership, the vehicle has consistently produced a strong mildew/musty odor after sitting for several hours.

Visibility/Wiper May 27, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11740501

The contact owns a 2022 Porsche Cayenne. The contact stated that the message that the mileage could not be recorded was intermittently displayed while driving. Additionally, the contact stated that the rearview camera was intermittently inoperable after shifting to reverse(R).

Back Over Prevention at 8,000 miles Mar 3, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11721661

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by Porsche itself: 1 death-or-injury claim on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 2 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 6.7 per 100,000 built. Every Cayenne model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP

NHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.

Driver-assist crash reports (1)

Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01

1report filed

1 minor

Dec 2021 to Dec 2021 · 1 with an air bag deployment · 1 towed

What was engaged, and what was hit

System named: not named in the filings

Crash partner: SUV 1

Filed by: Porsche Cars North America, Inc.

Incident	System	Struck	Injury alleged	State	Speed	Report
Dec 2021	Level 2	SUV	minor	GA	—	1042-2072

From the manufacturer’s own filing

The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.

Subject vehicle was traveling straight and another vehicle turned left into the path of the subject vehicle. The customer feels the automatic braking feature of the subject vehicle should have activated

Porsche Cars North America, Inc. report 1042-2072 Dec 2021 NHTSA SGO filing

A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications

Extended coverage on file 1 filing by the manufacturer with NHTSA naming this model year

Term not in NHTSA’s summary · Porsche warranty extension 43-26Technical Information for Warranty Extension for Front Door Wiring Harness related to Real Top View (RTV) issues

The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Porsche warranty extension (5) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →

Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 3,250

Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-09-24

Kindsas classified by NHTSA 3041 service bulletins, 118 service campaigns, 77 others

Most often about: Electrical System, Unknown Or Other, Engine, Equipment, Structure.

No. 96-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-24 · Structure — Body
Symptom-based workshop manual for Noises from Front Wiper Blade
No. 103-25-2 Service bulletin
2026-09-23 · Power Train
Technical Information for Need to Replace Components of the High-Voltage Battery - High-Voltage Battery Control Unit / Cell module; No Mixed Installation Permitted: Observe Specified Approach
No. 31-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-22 · Power Train
Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C40 Engine Oils
No. 30-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-22 · Engine
Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C20 Engine Oils
No. 29-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-22 · Engine
Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C30 Engine Oils
SPTL2609 Service bulletin
2026-09-14 · Steering
Special Tools and Equipment Information for alignment machines - Q3 2026 Software Spec Update Available
No. 86-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-09 · Exterior Lighting
Technical Information for Vehicle Color in Front Display/Control Panel Wrong after Replacing Central Computer (PCM)
No. 84-26 Service bulletin
2026-09-09 · Fuel/Propulsion System
Technical Information for Filler Flap on Vehicles with Hybrid Drive System (PHEV) Does Not Close

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

New York inspections 1.9%

failed emissions

631 initial inspections of 620 vehicles.

Measure	The 2022 Cayenne	Every 2022 vehicle	Behind it
Failed the emissions check	1.9%	1.7%	628
Failed the safety inspection	1.1%	1.4%	631
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit	0.16%	0.18%	631
Miles driven a year	7,769	10,455	odometer at inspection
Average odometer	33,467	44,815	odometer at inspection

New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2022 vehicle” is every 2022 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

Cayenne by model year

all years, side by side →

Year Safety Recalls Complaints

2026 A 1 5 19 mpg 2025 B 2 6 22 mpg 2024 D 5 5 Do not drive 2023 B 2 5 19 mpg 2022 this page C 3 4 21 mpg 2021 F 7 21 21 mpg 2020 F 6 25 21 mpg 2019 F 8 47 21 mpg 2018 A 1 14 22 mpg 2017 B 2 19 22 mpg 2016 B 2 40 24 mpg

Common questions about the 2022 Cayenne

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2022 Porsche Cayenne have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 3 recall campaigns for the 2022 Porsche Cayenne, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 23V841000, covering Electrical System. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. The manufacturer's own estimate for when a fix would be ready: mid-2024. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2022 Porsche Cayenne yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it C (76/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.

What is the fuel economy of the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

Across the 11 EPA-rated configurations of the 2022 Porsche Cayenne, the best EPA combined figure is 21 mpg (MPGe on the electrified versions). Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.

What are the dimensions of the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

Transport Canada measured it at 193.7–194.1 in long, 78.0 in wide (body, without mirrors), 66.1–66.9 in tall, on a 114.2 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,376–5,589 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.

What do owners complain about on the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

Owners have filed 4 complaints with NHTSA about the 2022 Porsche Cayenne, most often about back over prevention, electrical system, visibility/wiper. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

How clean is the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

The EPA smog rating for the 2022 Porsche Cayenne runs 3 to 5 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III ULEV125, California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 125, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.

Are there service bulletins for the 2022 Porsche Cayenne?

The manufacturer has filed 3250 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2022 Porsche Cayenne, most often covering electrical system, unknown or other, engine. The most recent is dated 2026-09-24. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2022 Porsche Cayenne do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2022 Porsche Cayenne failed the emissions check on 1.9% of first inspections — close to the 1.7% for every 2022 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.1% (every 2022 vehicle: 1.4%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

Data	Held	Source	What it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurations	11 configurations	EPA certification records	Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures.
Emission certificates	11 configurations	EPA emission certificates	Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new.
Recalls	3	NHTSA recall campaigns	A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints	4	NHTSA complaint database	Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratings	none	NHTSA NCAP	NHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe.
Service bulletins	3250	NHTSA manufacturer communications	Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
Investigations	1	NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation	Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative.
Driver-assist crash reports	1	NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01	Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes.
Specifications filed with NHTSA	12 fields	NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns	What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder.
Measured dimensions	7 fields	Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications	Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions.
Trims, pricing & equipment	none	Manufacturer press kit	We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.

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