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Your vehicleHome›Porsche›911› 2016
Porsche · Coupe

2016 Porsche 911

Gas
Minicompact Cars
37 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26
B
Safety Signal
83 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
RecallsNHTSA campaigns 3
Complaintsnone reporting a crash, fire or injury 2
Crash ratingnot rated by NHTSA —
Fuel economybest combined, EPA 23 mpg
Starting MSRP3 trims · manufacturer $132,800
20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016

The 2016 Porsche 911 is sold in the U.S. as a gas coupe with 37 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the 911 Carrera, is EPA-rated at 23 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 3 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of B. Owners have filed 2 complaints, most often about the exterior lighting. Manufacturer pricing runs from $132,800 to $132,800 across 3 trims.

Porsche 911 — photograph via Wikimedia Commons
Porsche 911 · Photo: Alexander-93 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Trims & pricing

Source: manufacturer press kitCompare a trim →
TrimPowertrainDriveMSRPHPTorqueMPG combWheels
911 RGasRWD—500 hp338 lb-ft16 mpg20 in
911 Targa 4 GTSGasAWD$132,800430 hp325 lb-ft—20 in
911 GT3 RSGasRWD—500 hp338 lb-ft16 mpg—

MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov
ConfigurationPowertrainDriveEngine / motorCityHwyCombAnnual fuel*
911 CarreraGasRWD3.4L 6-cyl202823$3,550
911 Carrera 4Gas4WD3.4L 6-cyl202723$3,550
911 Carrera CabrioletGasRWD3.4L 6-cyl212823$3,550
911 CarreraGasRWD3.4L 6-cyl192722$3,750
911 Carrera 4Gas4WD3.4L 6-cyl192722$3,750
911 Carrera 4 CabrioletGas4WD3.4L 6-cyl202722$3,750
911 Carrera 4SGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl192622$3,750
911 Carrera CabrioletGasRWD3.4L 6-cyl192722$3,750
911 Carrera SGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl192722$3,750
911 Carrera SGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl202722$3,750
911 Carrera S CabrioletGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl192622$3,750
911 Carrera S CabrioletGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl192722$3,750
911 Targa 4Gas4WD3.4L 6-cyl192622$3,750
911 Carrera 4 CabrioletGas4WD3.4L 6-cyl192621$3,900
911 Carrera 4 GTSGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Carrera 4 GTSGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl192521$3,900
911 Carrera 4 GTS CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Carrera 4SGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl192621$3,900
911 Carrera 4S CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Carrera 4S CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl192621$3,900
911 Carrera GTSGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl182621$3,900
911 Carrera GTSGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl192621$3,900
911 Carrera GTS CabrioletGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl192521$3,900
911 Targa 4Gas4WD3.4L 6-cyl182621$3,900
911 Targa 4 GTSGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Targa 4 GTSGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Targa 4SGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Targa 4SGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182521$3,900
911 Carrera 4 GTS CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl182520$4,100
911 Carrera GTS CabrioletGasRWD3.8L 6-cyl182520$4,100
911 TurboGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl turbo172420$4,100
911 Turbo CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl turbo172420$4,100
911 Turbo SGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl turbo172420$4,100
911 Turbo S CabrioletGas4WD3.8L 6-cyl turbo172420$4,100
911 GT3GasRWD3.8L 6-cyl152017$4,850
911 GT3 RSGasRWD4.0L 6-cyl152017$4,850
911 RGasRWD4.0L 6-cyl142016$5,150

*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 36253, 36261, 36255, 36252, 36260, 36263, 36265, 36254, 36256, 36257.

Emissions & certification

Source: EPA emission certificates
ConfigurationSmog ratingEmission standardWhere it can be sold newSmartWay
911 Carrera, 911 Carrera 4, 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet, 911 Carrera 4 GTS, 911 Carrera 4 GTS Cabriolet, 911 Carrera 4S, 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet, 911 Carrera Cabriolet, 911 Carrera GTS, 911 Carrera GTS Cabriolet, 911 Carrera S, 911 Carrera S Cabriolet, 911 GT3, 911 GT3 RS, 911 R, 911 Targa 4, 911 Targa 4 GTS, 911 Targa 4S, 911 Turbo, 911 Turbo Cabriolet, 911 Turbo S, 911 Turbo S Cabriolet5 / 10Bin 5 / LEV-II LEVAll 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards—

Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Gas-guzzler tax applies to 911 GT3, 911 GT3 RS, 911 R — a federal excise the manufacturer pays and prices in.

The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.

Also on file Beside the 2016 911
Other years The 2026 911 Recalls Porsche recalls
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Factory warranty running out?

The 2016 Porsche 911 is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.

What to check before you buy →

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

Recalls (3)

Source: NHTSA recall database
○minor

Equipment

AKC0
15,501 vehicles 93% reported repaired built May 27, 2015 – Dec 23, 2016
Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2014 Cayman and Cayman S, 2014-2016 911 GT3, 2016 911 GT3 RS and 911 R, 2018 911 GT3 and 911 GT2 RS and 2019 911 GT3 RS, 911 GT3, and 911 GT2 RS vehicles. The Child Restraint System (CRS) instructions within the Owner's Manual may not provide enough specificity for proper installation. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 225, "Child Restraint Anchorage Systems." Risk Improper CRS installation increases the risk of an injury to the occupant in the event of a crash. Fix Porsche will notify owners, and dealers will provide a an Owner's Manual supplement with proper CRS installation instructions, free of charge. The recall began February 7, 2020. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is AKC0.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 19V875000 reported Dec 11, 2019 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Air Bags

AKB4
7,517 vehicles 78% reported repaired built Jun 30, 2015 – Apr 12, 2016
Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2016-2017 911 and Boxster, 2016 Cayman and Panamera vehicles. The air bag Electronic Control Unit (ECU) may have a defective power supply capacitor that can result in air bag deactivation or inadvertent deployment of the air bags. Risk Deactivated air bags increase the risk of injury. Inadvertent deployment of the air bags increase the risk of a crash. Fix Porsche will notify owners, and dealers will install new software and replace the air bag ECU as necessary, free of charge. Interim notices informing owners of the safety risk were mailed September 13, 2019. Owners received a second notice and the recall began February 12, 2020. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is AKB4.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 19V533000 reported Jul 17, 2019 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Air Bags

AH03
120 vehicles 82% reported repaired built Oct 7, 2016 – Oct 25, 2016
Problem Porsche Cars North America, Inc. (Porsche) is recalling certain 2016 911 GT3 RS and 911 R vehicles and 2017 911 Carrera, 911 Carrera Cabriolet, 911 Carrera 4, 911 Carrera 4S, 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet, 911 Carrera S, 911 Carrera S Cabriolet, 911 Targa 4, 911 Targa 4S, 911 Turbo S, 911 Turbo S Cabriolet, 718 Boxster, 718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman and 718 Cayman S vehicles. The passenger frontal air bag inflator initiator may fail to ignite during a crash. Risk If the air bag inflator initiator fails to ignite, the passenger frontal air bag will not deploy, increasing the risk of injury in the event of a crash. Fix Porsche will notify owners, and dealers will replace the affected air bags, free of charge. The recall began May 15, 2017. Owners may contact Porsche customer service at 1-800-767-7243. Porsche's number for this recall is AH03.
Filed with NHTSARemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 17V134000 reported Mar 2, 2017 Porsche Cars North America, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

NHTSA defect investigations

Air Bags:Frontal:Passenger Side:Inflator Module — Desiccated Air Bag Inflator Rupture open

From 2000 through 2017, Takata produced millions of air bag inflators using two types of phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate ("PSAN") propellant -- propellant 2004 and propellant 2004L. After prolonged exposure to high temperature cycles and humidity, inflators using propellant 2004 can degrade, causing the propellant to burn too quickly when ignited. The rapid burning can cause the inflator to rupture during deployment, potentially causing serious or even fatal injury to vehicle occupants. See 2016 Blomquist Report at www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/documents/expert_report-hrblomquist.pdf. Consequently, all frontal inflators using propellant 2004 that do not contain a "desiccant" (a subst

Opened Sep 17, 2021 · action EA21002 · the investigation’s page →

Whether any of this applies to one specific 911

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2016 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Porsche publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

NHTSA VIN check →Porsche’s own VIN lookup →

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2016 Porsche 911, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2016 Porsche 911

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

Find parts for this 911 →

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
2complaints filed

0 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 0 injuries · 0 deaths reported

Filed per year: 2020: 1 · 2021: 1

Most-cited components

Exterior Lighting 1
Visibility/Wiper 1

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

The front windshield and rear window glass seals have failed. Black tar like material flows and spears the windows. Especially bad when driving during summer months. Vehicle only has 6200 miles. Is out of warrenty. Dealer says repair costs at my expense. Contacted Porsche North America Customer Assistance.
Visibility/Wiper Dec 14, 2021 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11443782
While driving on the freeway after heavy braking, the passenger headlight dislodged from the car, dangled for a second on the hood from the electrical connections, then flew off the car completely
Exterior Lighting at 8,000 miles Mar 23, 2020 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11319035

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by Porsche itself: 1 death-or-injury claim on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 killed, as claimed, not verified. Every 911 model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP

NHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Extended coverage on file 1 filing by the manufacturer with NHTSA naming this model year

The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Porsche warranty extension (5) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →

Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 3,291
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-09-22
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 3177 service bulletins, 88 others, 12 service campaigns

Most often about: Engine, Unknown Or Other, Electrical System, Equipment, Power Train.

  • No. 37-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-22 · Engine
  • Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of approved Porsche C40 GT engine oils
  • No. 28-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-22 · Power Train
  • Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C40 Engine Oils. Note that this bulletin covers all models back to model year 1984, for which C40 engine oils are allocated.
  • No. 27-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-22 · Engine
  • Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C20 Engine Oils. Note that the bulletin covers all models back to model year 1984, for which C20 engine oils are allocated.
  • No. 26-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-22 · Power Train
  • Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche C30 Engine Oils. Note that the bulletin includes all models back to model year 1984, for which C30 engine oils are allocated.
  • No. 25-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-22 · Engine
  • Manufacturer's Certificate for Overview of Approved Porsche A40 Engine Oils. Note that this bulletin covers all vehicles from model year 1997 to 2020, for which A40 engine oils are assigned. Model years 1997-2001 are not available for selection in the system.
  • SPTL2609 Service bulletin
    2026-09-14 · Wheels
  • Special Tools and Equipment Information for alignment machines - Q3 2026 Software Spec Update Available
  • No. 12-26 Service bulletin
    2026-09-01 · Electrical System
  • Technical Information for Damage to Nano Plug Contacts Due to Utilization of Incorrect Measuring Equipment
  • SPTL2314a Service bulletin
    2026-08-28 · Unknown Or Other
  • Special Tools and Equipment Information for Diagnostic Equipment Standards for all USA Porsche Centers

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

Diagnostic trouble codes on file

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaints

Codes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.

CodeWhat it meansMost often filed underWhere it appears
P0133The upstream bank 1 oxygen sensor is responding too slowly to be trusted.Engine · Oxygen sensor →2 bulletins
P0153The upstream bank 2 oxygen sensor is responding too slowly.Engine2 bulletins

Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2016 Porsche 911 failed the emissions check on 3.4% of first inspections — close to the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%).

New York inspections 3.4%

failed emissions

207 initial inspections of 203 vehicles.

MeasureThe 2016 911Every 2016 vehicleBehind it
Failed the emissions check3.4%4.2%207
Failed the safety inspection0%2.2%207
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit0%0.27%207
Miles driven a year2,56210,028odometer at inspection
Average odometer26,462103,109odometer at inspection

New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2016 vehicle” is every 2016 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

911 by model year

all years, side by side →
Year Safety Recalls Complaints
2026 A 0 1 21 mpg2025 A 2 2 21 mpg2024 F 5 7 Do not drive2023 F 8 3 Do not drive2022 F 8 10 Do not drive2021 F 8 6 Do not drive2020 F 8 7 20 mpg2019 B 3 2 25 mpg2018 B 2 2 25 mpg2017 C 5 6 25 mpg2016 this page B 3 2 23 mpg

Common questions about the 2016 911

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

How much does the 2016 Porsche 911 cost?

The manufacturer lists $132,800 for the 911 Targa 4 GTS AWD. Those are MSRPs from the manufacturer's own press material; they exclude destination, options, taxes and whatever the dealer adds. Every trim and price is listed above.

Does the 2016 Porsche 911 have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 3 recall campaigns for the 2016 Porsche 911. The most serious on file is 19V533000, covering Air Bags. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2016 Porsche 911?

NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2016 Porsche 911 yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it B (83/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.

What is the fuel economy of the 2016 Porsche 911?

Across the 37 EPA-rated configurations of the 2016 Porsche 911, the best EPA combined figure is 23 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.

What do owners complain about on the 2016 Porsche 911?

Owners have filed 2 complaints with NHTSA about the 2016 Porsche 911, most often about exterior lighting, visibility/wiper. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

How clean is the 2016 Porsche 911?

The EPA smog rating for the 2016 Porsche 911 is 5 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — Bin 5, LEV-II LEV — which the table above lists per configuration.

Are there service bulletins for the 2016 Porsche 911?

The manufacturer has filed 3291 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2016 Porsche 911, most often covering engine, unknown or other, electrical system. The most recent is dated 2026-09-22. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2016 Porsche 911 do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2016 Porsche 911 failed the emissions check on 3.4% of first inspections — close to the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurations37 configurationsEPA certification recordsEvery configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures.
Emission certificates37 configurationsEPA emission certificatesSmog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new.
Recalls3NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints2NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratingsnoneNHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe.
Service bulletins3291NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
Investigations1NHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationOpen and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSAnoneNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWe had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable.
Trims, pricing & equipment3 trimsManufacturer press kitTranscribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Where to go next

pages beside this one
Other years The 2026 911 The 911 model year with the cleanest record on file — grade A, 0 recalls.Recalls Every Porsche recall on file All campaigns filed against Porsche vehicles, newest first, with the manufacturer's own number.Recall Watch Watch this 911 by VIN Give it the VIN and you hear the night a campaign is filed — from $29 a month for a lot, free for ten.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.

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