2016 GMC Sierra
The 2016 GMC Sierra is sold in the U.S. as a hybrid and gas large pickup truck with 14 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Sierra 15 Hybrid 2WD, is EPA-rated at 20 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 10 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 379 complaints, most often about the service brakes. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sierra 15 Hybrid 2WD | Hybrid | RWD | 5.3L 8-cyl + 86V Li-Ion | 18 | 24 | 20 | $3,350 |
| Sierra 15 Hybrid 4WD | Hybrid | 4WD | 5.3L 8-cyl + 86V Li-Ion | 16 | 21 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Sierra C15 2WD | Gas | RWD | 4.3L 6-cyl | 18 | 23 | 20 | $3,350 |
| Sierra C15 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 16 | 23 | 19 | $3,550 |
| Sierra C15 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 16 | 23 | 19 | $3,550 |
| Sierra K15 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 4.3L 6-cyl | 17 | 22 | 19 | $3,550 |
| Sierra C15 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 16 | 22 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Sierra K15 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 16 | 22 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Sierra K15 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 16 | 22 | 18 | $3,700 |
| Sierra C15 2WD | Gas | RWD | 6.2L 8-cyl | 15 | 21 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Sierra C15 Cab Chassis 2WD | Gas | RWD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 15 | 20 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Sierra K15 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 15 | 21 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Sierra K15 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 6.2L 8-cyl | 15 | 21 | 17 | $3,950 |
| Sierra K15 Cab Chassis 4WD | Gas | 4WD | 5.3L 8-cyl | 15 | 19 | 17 | $3,950 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 37371, 37373, 37010, 37009, 37011, 37019, 37012, 37018, 37021, 37013.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sierra 15 Hybrid 2WD, Sierra 15 Hybrid 4WD, Sierra C15 2WD, Sierra C15 Cab Chassis 2WD, Sierra K15 4WD, Sierra K15 Cab Chassis 4WD | 5–6 / 10 | Bin 5 / LEV-III ULEV125 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Sierra C15 2WD, Sierra K15 4WD | 6 / 10 | Bin 4 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Pickup |
| Doors | 4 |
| GVWR class | Class 2H: 9,001 - 10,000 lb (4,082 - 4,536 kg) |
Engine Basics
| Cylinders | 8 |
| Displacement | 6.6 L |
| Engine configuration | V-Shaped |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Diesel |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | 4WD/4-Wheel Drive/4x4 |
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: Denali, Fleet/Base, SLE, SLT). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 201.2–235.4 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 79.9 in |
| Height | 73.6–74.0 in |
| Wheelbase | 118.9–153.1 in |
| Track, front | 68.9 in |
| Track, rear | 67.7 in |
| Curb weight | 4,522–5,359 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 56/44 to 60/40 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 12 configurations: 1500 Crew Cab M/Box 2WD, 1500 Crew Cab M/Box 4X4, 1500 Crew Cab M/Box Denali, 1500 Crew Cab S/Box 2WD, 1500 Crew Cab S/Box 4X4, 1500 Crew Cab S/Box Denali …. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2016 GMC Sierra is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (10)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseAir Bags
N202324251Air Bags
N202309680Electronic Stability Control (Esc)
N192261050Service Brakes, Hydraulic
N192268490Air Bags
17287Air Bags
16007Suspension
42190Electrical System
15808Air Bags
15794These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Service Brakes, Hydraulic:Power Assist:Vacuum — Brake Vacuum Pump Failure closed
On November 20, 2018, the Office of Defects Investigations (ODI) opened PE18-012 to investigate instances of sudden onset of a hard brake pedal that could result in extended stopping distance due to an issue with the brake assist vacuum pump in model year (MY) 2014 through 2016 GMC Sierra 1500 and Chevrolet Silverado 1500 series pickup trucks and MY 2015 through 2016 Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Suburban, Chevrolet Tahoe, and GMC Yukon SUVs. If the brake assist vacuum pump fails to operate as intended, the amount of brake power assist supplied to the driver can be significantly reduced, extending the subject vehicle stopping distance. GM stated that the root cause of pump failures was due to
Opened Nov 20, 2018 · closed Apr 10, 2022 · action PE18012 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific Sierra
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2016 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. GMC publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2016 GMC Sierra, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2016 GMC Sierra
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Sierra →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database15 involved a crash · 14 a fire · 17 injuries · 0 deaths reported
Filed per year: 2016: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2018: 46 · 2019: 68 · 2020: 55 · 2021: 37 · 2022: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2024: 28 · 2025: 26 · 2026: 14
Most-cited components
In depth: brake problems → · transmission and drivetrain problems → · electrical problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
I have diesel 3500 1fuel tank the fuel gauge doesn't always come on and if does it may take several miles before it begins to work. Or sometimes it may just quit. Then other time it may work just fine. There seems to be a problem. The problem did not start till I turned about 40,000 I have about 42,000 now.
The contact owned a 2016 GMC Sierra 1500. The contact stated that while driving at various speeds, the vehicle would lose automotive power. The vehicle was taken to a dealer where the negative battery was replaced. The vehicle was repaired.
The contact owns a 2016 GMC Sierra. The contact stated that while driving approximately 70- 85 mph, the vehicle was shaking. The stability track warning indicator light was illuminated and flashing on and off. The vehicle was taken to the local dealer but they were unable to duplicate the failure.
Excessive slop and uncontrollable, unintended steering shifts causing vehicle to unexpectedly and suddenly veer out of lane of travel related to defective lash adjustment steering box
Apparently, the 8 speed automatic transmission has issues with wiring harness and hard shifting which the manufacturer has 18 service bulletins out on yet still will not recall and fix problems. Also the brake system is faulty and unsafe it loses pressure and even braking at various speeds.
The truck has a horrible vibration from around 45 MPH and up. Have test drove other 2016 Gmc sierras with same issue. Have taken it back to the dodge dealership we bought it from and they said it should be a recall
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by GMC itself: 49 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 2 killed, 57 injured, as claimed, not verified. Every Sierra model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 219 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 31,000 and 71,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Median mileage by component
| Component | Reports | Median miles | Vs same age |
|---|---|---|---|
| Service Brakes | 78 | 46,000 | 1.15× |
| Power Train | 41 | 47,000 | 0.9× |
| Steering | 26 | 54,000 | 1.12× |
| Electrical System | 25 | 59,900 | 1.33× |
| Engine | 22 | 74,792 | 1.21× |
| Visibility/Wiper | 17 | 89,000 | 2.47× |
| Unspecified | 16 | 37,000 | — |
Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2016-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Here, owners reported later: visibility/wiper (2.47×). Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HYBRID PU/CC RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| PU/CC 4WD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| PU/CC RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| PU/EC 4WD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
| PU/EC RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| PU/RC 4WD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 17% |
| PU/RC RWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 18% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communicationsMost often about: Equipment, Engine, Electrical System, Power Train, Fuel/Propulsion System.
- PIT5698F Service bulletin2026-09-26 · Unknown Or Other
- This PI provides Diagnostics tips on how the LIN bus works and how to diagnosis it.
- PIP5700H Service bulletin2026-09-21 · Unknown Or Other
- This PI communicates the proper part numbers for transmission connectors and internal harness to prevent confusion when ordering
- PIP4902W Service bulletin2026-09-04 · Unknown Or Other
- This preliminary information advises a dealer on how to email GDS2 session logs into Technical Assistance.
- PIT5099J Service bulletin2026-07-21 · Unknown Or Other
- PI to help diagnose A/C concern
- PIT5509N Service bulletin2026-07-21 · Unknown Or Other
- This PI provides diagnostic tips for diagnosing electric trailer brakes issues.
- PIT5509M Service bulletin2026-05-14 · Unknown Or Other
- This PI provides diagnostic tips for diagnosing electric trailer brakes issues.
- PIT3271Q Service bulletin2026-04-01 · Unknown Or Other
- This preliminary information communicates information about how to determine if a wheel and tires size change is available.
- PIP6104 Service bulletin2026-03-09 · Unknown Or Other
- This Preliminary information communicates the steps on how to save a GDS2 Session Log and upload to a Technical Assistance Case in CX Connect.
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
Diagnostic trouble codes on file
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaintsCodes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.
| Code | What it means | Most often filed under | Where it appears |
|---|---|---|---|
| P0300 P0300 on GMC → | Misfire detected, but not isolated to one cylinder. | Engine · Ignition coils → | 20 bulletins · 1 owner report |
| P2463 P2463 on GMC → | Soot has built up in the diesel particulate filter beyond the allowed limit. | Engine | 13 bulletins |
| P2635 P2635 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Fuel/Propulsion System · Fuel pump → | 13 bulletins |
| B3055 B3055 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 11 bulletins |
| B3060 B3060 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 11 bulletins |
| B3935 B3935 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 11 bulletins |
| C0710 C0710 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electronic Stability Control | 11 bulletins |
| C1114 C1114 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Electrical System · Battery → | 11 bulletins |
| U0126 U0126 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Equipment | 11 bulletins |
| U0415 U0415 on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Equipment | 11 bulletins |
| P018B P018B on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Fuel/Propulsion System · Fuel pump → | 10 bulletins |
| P050D P050D on GMC → | Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard. | Engine | 8 bulletins · 2 owner reports |
Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.
Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2016 GMC Sierra failed the emissions check on 7.8% of first inspections — higher than the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.8% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%).
failed emissions
1,894 initial inspections of 1,843 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2016 Sierra | Every 2016 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 7.8% | 4.2% | 1,890 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 1.8% | 2.2% | 1,894 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.48% | 0.27% | 1,894 |
| Miles driven a year | 11,225 | 10,028 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 115,621 | 103,109 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2016 vehicle” is every 2016 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Sierra by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2016 Sierra
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2016 GMC Sierra have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 10 recall campaigns for the 2016 GMC Sierra, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 16V256000, covering Suspension. 2 of them were filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. There is an active do not drive advisory — act on it before driving. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2016 GMC Sierra?
NHTSA gave the 2016 GMC Sierra 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 5-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it F (51/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2016 GMC Sierra?
Across the 14 EPA-rated configurations of the 2016 GMC Sierra, the best EPA combined figure is 20 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2016 GMC Sierra?
Transport Canada measured it at 201.2–235.4 in long, 79.9 in wide (body, without mirrors), 73.6–74.0 in tall, on a 118.9–153.1 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,522–5,359 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2016 GMC Sierra?
Owners have filed 379 complaints with NHTSA about the 2016 GMC Sierra, most often about service brakes, power train, electrical system. Of those, 15 involved a crash, 14 a fire, 17 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2016 GMC Sierra?
The EPA smog rating for the 2016 GMC Sierra runs 5 to 6 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — Bin 4, Bin 5, LEV-III ULEV125 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2016 GMC Sierra?
The manufacturer has filed 2572 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2016 GMC Sierra, most often covering equipment, engine, electrical system. The most recent is dated 2026-09-26. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2016 GMC Sierra do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2016 GMC Sierra failed the emissions check on 7.8% of first inspections — higher than the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.8% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 14 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 14 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 10 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 379 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 7 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 2572 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 1 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 8 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.