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Your vehicleHome›BMW›5 Series› 2023
BMW · Midsize Sedan

2023 BMW 5 Series

Plug-in hybrid Hybrid Gas
Midsize Cars
7 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26
C
Safety Signal
72 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
Recalls1 critical 3
Complaints2 crash · 1 injured reported 10
Crash ratingnot rated by NHTSA —
Fuel economybest combined, EPA 28 mpg
202720262025202420232022202120202019201820172016

The 2023 BMW 5 Series is sold in the U.S. as a plug-in hybrid, hybrid and gas midsize sedan with 7 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the 530i Sedan, is EPA-rated at 28 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 3 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of C. Owners have filed 10 complaints, most often about the engine.

BMW 5 Series — photograph via Wikimedia Commons
BMW 5 Series · Photo: Benespit · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov
ConfigurationPowertrainDriveEngine / motorCityHwyCombRangekWh/100miCharge (240V)Annual fuel*
530e SedanPlug-in hybridRWD2.0L 4-cyl turbo + 80 kW PMSM242926 (37 MPGe blended)21 mi electric493 h$3,150
530e xDrive SedanPlug-in hybridAWD2.0L 4-cyl turbo + 80 kW PMSM222825 (33 MPGe blended)19 mi electric533 h$3,300
540i SedanHybridRWD3.0L 6-cyl turbo + 44V Li-Ion253227———$3,050
540i xDrive SedanHybridAWD3.0L 6-cyl turbo + 44V Li-Ion222925———$3,300
530i SedanGasRWD2.0L 4-cyl turbo253328———$2,950
530i xDrive SedanGasAWD2.0L 4-cyl turbo233226———$3,150
M550i xDrive SedanGasAWD4.4L 8-cyl turbo172520———$4,100

*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 46246, 46247, 46133, 45520, 45518, 45519, 45521.

Emissions & certification

Source: EPA emission certificates
ConfigurationSmog ratingEmission standardWhere it can be sold newSmartWay
530e Sedan, 530e xDrive Sedan7 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 / California LEV-III SULEV30All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standardsSmartWay
540i Sedan, 540i xDrive Sedan5 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards—
530i Sedan, 530i xDrive Sedan7 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 / California LEV-III SULEV30All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards—
M550i xDrive Sedan3 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 125 / California LEV-III ULEV125All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards—

Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.

The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.

Specifications filed with NHTSA

Source: NHTSA vPIC

Dimensions Exterior

Body styleSedan/Saloon
Doors4
GVWR classClass 1: 6,000 lb or less (2,722 kg or less)

Engine Basics

Cylinders4
Displacement2 L

Engine Output

Horsepower181 hp

Fuel Economy

FuelElectric

Transmission

DrivetrainAWD/All-Wheel Drive

Driver assistance

Standard: Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist

Optional: Adaptive cruise control, Parking assist, Rear cross-traffic alert

Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: 5-Series, xDrive). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.

Dimensions & weight

Source: Transport Canada
Length195.3 in
Width (body, without mirrors)73.6 in
Height57.9 in
Wheelbase117.3 in
Track, front63.4 in
Track, rear64.2 in
Curb weight3,704–4,222 lb
Weight distribution, front/rear49/51 to 54/46

Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here 4 configurations: 530E xDrive 4-door Sedan, 530I xDrive 4-door Sedan, 540I xDrive 4-door Sedan, M550I xDrive 4-door Sedan. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.

Also on file Beside the 2023 5 Series
Other years The 2027 5 Series Recalls BMW recalls
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Factory warranty running out?

The 2023 BMW 5 Series is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.

What to check before you buy →

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Recalls (3)

Source: NHTSA recall database
▲high

Power Train

36,823 vehicles
Problem BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2026 840i, 840i xDrive, 2021-2023 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive, and 2024-2026 750e xDrive vehicles. The connection between the driveshaft and the rear differential may become damaged, possibly resulting in a loss of power to the rear wheels or a vehicle rollaway. Risk An unexpected loss of drive power can increase the risk of a crash. In addition, a damaged driveshaft can result in a vehicle rollaway if the parking brake is not applied, increasing the risk of a crash or injury. Fix Dealers will inspect the connection between the driveshaft and rear axle differential, and apply adhesive or replace the driveshaft and rear axle differential, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 8, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will become searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning October 2, 2026.
Filed with NHTSADefect report PDFRemedy instructions PDFDealer notice PDF
NHTSA campaign 26V525000 reported Aug 12, 2026 BMW of North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

87,394 vehicles 32% reported repaired
Problem BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe), 2021-2024 4 Series (Convertible and xDrive Convertible), 2021-2023 4 Series (Coupe), 2021-2024 3 Series, 2021-2023 X4, 2021-2024 X3 vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of all models. The engine starter may overheat and catch fire due to wear on an internal component. Risk Fire increases the risk of injury. Fix Dealers will replace the engine starter, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 21, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417 or Toyota's customer service at 1-800-331-4331. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning March 24, 2026.
Filed with NHTSADefect report PDFOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 26V056000 reported Jan 30, 2026 BMW of North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Power Train

Toyota - 23TA14
552 vehicles 97% reported repaired
Problem BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2023 Toyota GR Supra, 3 Series Sedan (330i xDrive, M340i xDrive, M3), 5 Series Sedan (530i, 530i xDrive, M5), 4 Series Gran Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive), 4 Series Convertible (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive), 8 Series Coupe (840i, M850i xDrive, M8), 8 Series Convertible (840i, M850i xDrive, M8), 8 Series Gran Coupe (850i xDrive, M8), X3 SAV (X3 xDrive30i, X3M), X4 SAV (X4 xDrive30i), X5 SAV (X5 xDrive40i, X5 M50i, X5M), X6 SAV (X6 xDrive40i, X6 M50i, X6M), and Z4 sDrive30i, Z4 M40i vehicles. The weld seam of the integrated transmission control unit's cover may not have been manufactured prop Risk Transmission oil that leaks into the control unit can lead to a seizure of the transmission gears, causing a sudden loss of drive power and increasing the risk of a crash. Fix Dealers will replace the transmission mechatronics module and the automatic transmission fluid, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 26, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Filed with NHTSADefect report PDFOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 23V821000 reported Dec 6, 2023 BMW of North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

Whether any of this applies to one specific 5 Series

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2023 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. BMW publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

NHTSA VIN check →BMW’s own VIN lookup →

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2023 BMW 5 Series, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2023 BMW 5 Series

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

Find parts for this 5 Series →

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
10complaints filed

2 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 1 injuries · 0 deaths reported

4.6 per 10,000 built · BMW reported 21,919 5 Series built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)

Filed per year: 2023: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2026: 3

Most-cited components

Engine 3
Service Brakes 2
Back Over Prevention 2
Structure 2
Vehicle Speed Control 2
Electrical System 2

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

I own a 2023 BMW 530i affected by NHTSA recall campaign 26V-438 (BMW "Engine Starter" recall), issued July 8, 2026. Per BMW's own recall documentation, unexpected wear on an internal starter component can cause the starter to malfunction and, in an extreme case, cause a thermal event or fire when starting the engine OR while the engine…
Engine Jul 25, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11752807
My vehicle offers rear traffic alert system, but it is not working properly. It's a safety issue that I almost caused several accidents because of it. The vehicle is available for inspection. Safety to me and others are at risk because the feature is not working (rear traffic alert system).
Back Over Prevention May 20, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11739085
About June 2024 when I was driving downslope at about 30 MPH, when I hit break the car accelerated. Fortunately, nobody and no car were around and I gained control of the car by pumping the break. I did not think much about this issue to report it. On August 23, 2024, I was driving home.
Service Brakes Sep 26, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11616727
I received a recall notice for my vehicle that states that the connection between the driveshaft and rear differential may, over time, be subject to excessive wear. This could lead to a loss of power to the rear wheels, WHICH INCREASES THE RISK OF A CRASH, OR A ROLLAWAY IF THE VEHIOCLE IS NOT SECURED WITH A PARKING BRAKE.
Power Train Oct 19, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11772165
I am unknown of what system has failed but the issue is that while the car is in motion, it will completely shut off. All Electrical will disengage and there have been times where a pop up has come on my screen stating that air bags and seat belts are non functioning to get to a service station as soon as possible.
Electrical System Apr 29, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11657485
The car was purchased new in July 2023. On or about , while the car was parked the front license plate holder separated suddenly and unexpectedly from the front bumper of the car and fell to the ground. Incidental to the failure of the front license plate holder, the separation of the holder caused damage to the front bumper.
Structure Apr 29, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11585838

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by BMW itself: 3 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 3 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 14 per 100,000 built. Every 5 Series model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP

NHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Extended coverage on file 2 filings by the manufacturer with NHTSA naming this model year

The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every BMW warranty extension (46) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →

Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 185
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-07-10
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 168 service bulletins, 8 service campaigns, 4 emissionss

Most often about: Electrical System, Equipment, Engine, Structure, Exterior Lighting.

  • B120326 Emissions
    2026-07-10 · Engine
  • Due to an implementation error in various OBD diagnostics in the vehicle's control units, in very rare cases itmay happen that stored fault memory codes (DTCs) and the MIL (warning light) are not automaticallydeleted even though the underlying malfunction has already been rectified. This does not comply with the statutory OBD specifications.
  • B640426 Service bulletin
    2026-06-27 · Engine
  • Customer may feel something transmitted via the steering column while turning the steering wheel. There may also be coolant lost accompanied by a check control message: ‘Top up coolant’.
  • B310626 Service bulletin
    2026-05-22 · Suspension
  • Noises from the front axle when driving over rough road surfaces, or when turning.
  • B010324 Warranty extension
    2026-05-06 · Engine
  • The EVAP systems purge (vent) valve limited warranty for defects in materials or workmanship has been extended to 15 years / 150,000 miles as determined from the original in-service date.
  • B310526 Service bulletin
    2026-04-29 · Suspension
  • “Popping” noise from the front axle when cornering and driving on uneven road surfaces.
  • B840625 Service bulletin
    2025-10-03 · Electrical System
  • In some situations, an emergency call may be triggered in the vehicle without either the customer pressing the SOS Call button, or an airbag deployment event. In some cases, the customer may not even be inside the vehicle.
  • B510325 Service bulletin
    2025-10-02 · Structure — Body
  • The front and/or rear doors only close if increased force is exerted, or with increased closing speed.
  • B340425 Emissions
    2025-06-11 · Electrical System
  • As a result of a data input error, certain fault memories are permanently stored. The permanent storage offault memories does not comply with the legal specifications of the authority (California Air Resources Board– CARB). The fault has no effect on the use of the vehicle by the customer.

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 BMW 5 Series failed the emissions check on 1.7% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.79% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%).

New York inspections 1.7%

failed emissions

1,135 initial inspections of 1,113 vehicles.

MeasureThe 2023 5 SeriesEvery 2023 vehicleBehind it
Failed the emissions check1.7%1.6%1,135
Failed the safety inspection0.79%1.1%1,135
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit0%0.16%1,135
Miles driven a year8,75710,038odometer at inspection
Average odometer28,75732,673odometer at inspection

New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2023 vehicle” is every 2023 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

5 Series by model year

all years, side by side →
Year Safety Recalls Complaints
2027 A* 0 0 31 mpg2026 B 1 1 31 mpg2025 F 6 2 31 mpg2024 F 7 18 30 mpg2023 this page C 3 10 28 mpg2022 F 4 19 Park outside2021 F 9 27 Park outside2020 F 8 15 Park outside2019 C 3 40 Park outside2018 F 7 89 Park outside2017 B 2 38 27 mpg2016 F 7 83 30 mpg

Common questions about the 2023 5 Series

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2023 BMW 5 Series have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 3 recall campaigns for the 2023 BMW 5 Series, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 26V056000, covering Electrical System. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2023 BMW 5 Series yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it C (72/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.

What is the fuel economy of the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

Across the 7 EPA-rated configurations of the 2023 BMW 5 Series, the best EPA combined figure is 28 mpg (MPGe on the electrified versions). Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.

What are the dimensions of the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

Transport Canada measured it at 195.3 in long, 73.6 in wide (body, without mirrors), 57.9 in tall, on a 117.3 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 3,704–4,222 lb depending on configuration. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.

What do owners complain about on the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

Owners have filed 10 complaints with NHTSA about the 2023 BMW 5 Series, most often about engine, service brakes, back over prevention. Of those, 2 involved a crash, 1 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

How clean is the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

The EPA smog rating for the 2023 BMW 5 Series runs 3 to 7 out of 10 across its configurations. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III SULEV30, California LEV-III ULEV125, California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 125, Federal Tier 3 Bin 30, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.

Are there service bulletins for the 2023 BMW 5 Series?

The manufacturer has filed 185 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2023 BMW 5 Series, most often covering electrical system, equipment, engine. The most recent is dated 2026-07-10. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2023 BMW 5 Series do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 BMW 5 Series failed the emissions check on 1.7% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 0.79% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurations7 configurationsEPA certification recordsEvery configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures.
Emission certificates7 configurationsEPA emission certificatesSmog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new.
Recalls3NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints10NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratingsnoneNHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe.
Service bulletins185NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
InvestigationsnoneNHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationNo defect investigation has been opened.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSA8 fieldsNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWhat the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder.
Measured dimensions7 fieldsTransport Canada, Canadian Vehicle SpecificationsLength, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions.
Trims, pricing & equipmentnoneManufacturer press kitWe have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Where to go next

pages beside this one
Other years The 2027 5 Series The 5 Series model year with the cleanest record on file — grade A, 0 recalls.Recalls Every BMW recall on file All campaigns filed against BMW vehicles, newest first, with the manufacturer's own number.Recall Watch Watch this 5 Series by VIN Give it the VIN and you hear the night a campaign is filed — from $29 a month for a lot, free for ten.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.

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