2024 Rivian R1S
The 2024 Rivian R1S is sold in the U.S. as an electric large SUV with 24 EPA-rated configurations. Its longest-range version, the R1S Dual Max (21in), is EPA-rated at 400 miles with 82 MPGe combined efficiency. NHTSA lists 7 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 17 complaints, most often about the suspension.

Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Range | kWh/100mi | Charge (240V) | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1S Dual Max (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 89 | 76 | 82 MPGe | 400 mi | 40.9 | 14.5 h | $900 |
| R1S Performance Dual Max (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 89 | 76 | 82 MPGe | 400 mi | 40.9 | 14.5 h | $900 |
| R1S Dual Large (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 82 | 74 | 78 MPGe | 352 mi | 43.2 | 13 h | $950 |
| R1S Dual Max (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 84 | 72 | 78 MPGe | 380 mi | 43.3 | 14.5 h | $950 |
| R1S Performance Dual Large (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 82 | 74 | 78 MPGe | 352 mi | 43.2 | 13 h | $950 |
| R1S Performance Dual Max (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 84 | 72 | 78 MPGe | 380 mi | 43.3 | 14.5 h | $950 |
| R1S Dual Standard Plus (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 80 | 74 | 77 MPGe | 315 mi | 43.8 | 12.5 h | $1,000 |
| R1S Performance Dual Standard Plus (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 80 | 74 | 77 MPGe | 315 mi | 43.8 | 12.5 h | $1,000 |
| R1S Dual Large (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 80 | 71 | 75 MPGe | 341 mi | 44.7 | 13 h | $1,000 |
| R1S Dual Standard (21in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 78 | 71 | 75 MPGe | 270 mi | 45.2 | 11.5 h | $1,000 |
| R1S Performance Dual Large (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 80 | 71 | 75 MPGe | 341 mi | 44.7 | 13 h | $1,000 |
| R1S All-Terrain Dual Max (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 78 | 67 | 73 MPGe | 355 mi | 46.1 | 14.5 h | $1,050 |
| R1S All-Terrain Performance Dual Max (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 78 | 67 | 73 MPGe | 355 mi | 46.1 | 14.5 h | $1,050 |
| R1S Dual Standard Plus (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 76 | 68 | 72 MPGe | 300 mi | 46.7 | 12.5 h | $1,050 |
| R1S Performance Dual Standard (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 76 | 68 | 72 MPGe | 300 mi | 46.7 | 12.5 h | $1,050 |
| R1S Quad Large (21in) | Electric | AWD | 162, 162, 162 and 162 kW AC 3-Phase | 75 | 66 | 71 MPGe | 321 mi | 47.4 | 13 h | $1,050 |
| R1S Dual Standard (22in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 74 | 66 | 70 MPGe | 255 mi | 48.0 | 11.5 h | $1,100 |
| R1S All-Terrain Dual Large (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 72 | 64 | 68 MPGe | 307 mi | 49.2 | 13 h | $1,100 |
| R1S All-Terrain Performance Dual Large (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 72 | 64 | 68 MPGe | 307 mi | 49.2 | 13 h | $1,100 |
| R1S Quad Large (22in) | Electric | AWD | 162, 162, 162 and 162 kW AC 3-Phase | 73 | 63 | 68 MPGe | 303 mi | 49.4 | 13 h | $1,100 |
| R1S AT Performance Dual Standard Plus (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 68 | 62 | 65 MPGe | 277 mi | 51.6 | 12.5 h | $1,150 |
| R1S All-Terrain Dual Standard Plus (20in) | Electric | 4WD (part-time) | 208 and 208 kW ACPM | 68 | 62 | 65 MPGe | 277 mi | 51.6 | 12.5 h | $1,150 |
| R1S Quad Large (20in) | Electric | AWD | 162, 162, 162 and 162 kW AC 3-Phase | 69 | 60 | 64 MPGe | 289 mi | 52.4 | 13 h | $1,200 |
| R1S All-Terrain Quad Large (20 inch) | Electric | AWD | 162, 162, 163 and 135 kW ACPM 3-Phase | 65 | 60 | 63 MPGe | 274 mi | 53.7 | 13 h | $1,200 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 47893, 47901, 47891, 47894, 47899, 47902, 47897, 47904, 47892, 47895.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1S AT Performance Dual Standard Plus (20in), R1S All-Terrain Dual Large (20in), R1S All-Terrain Dual Standard Plus (20in), R1S All-Terrain Performance Dual Large (20in), R1S All-Terrain Performance Dual Max (20in), R1S Dual Large (22in), R1S Dual Max (21in), R1S Dual Standard (21in), R1S Dual Standard Plus (21in), R1S Dual Standard Plus (22in), R1S Performance Dual Large (22in), R1S Performance Dual Max (21in), R1S Performance Dual Max (22in), R1S Performance Dual Standard (22in), R1S Quad Large (20in), R1S Quad Large (21in), R1S Quad Large (22in) | 10 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 / California ZEV | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay Elite |
| R1S All-Terrain Dual Max (20in), R1S All-Terrain Quad Large (20 inch), R1S Dual Large (21in), R1S Dual Max (22in), R1S Dual Standard (22in), R1S Performance Dual Large (21in), R1S Performance Dual Standard Plus (21in) | 10 / 10 | California ZEV / Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | SmartWay Elite |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
Specifications filed with NHTSA
Source: NHTSA vPICDimensions Exterior
| Body style | Sport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV] |
| Doors | 4 |
| GVWR class | Class 2G: 8,001 - 9,000 lb (3,629 - 4,082 kg) |
Fuel Economy
| Fuel | Electric |
Transmission
| Drivetrain | AWD/All-Wheel Drive |
Driver assistance
Standard: Adaptive cruise control, Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Forward collision warning, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist, Pedestrian automatic emergency braking, Rear cross-traffic alert
Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes one configuration rather than every trim (seen: Adventure). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.
Dimensions & weight
Source: Transport Canada| Length | 200.8 in |
| Width (body, without mirrors) | 79.1 in |
| Height | 77.2 in |
| Wheelbase | 121.3 in |
| Track, front | 68.1 in |
| Track, rear | 68.1 in |
| Curb weight | 7,068 lb |
| Weight distribution, front/rear | 47/53 |
Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here one configuration: 4-door SUV. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.
The cheapest ownership win
Insurers price the 2024 R1S very differently, and the gap between the best and worst quote on the same car and driver is usually larger than any option you are weighing on this page.
How to compare cover →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (7)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseSeat Belts
FSAM-1795Suspension
FSAM-1794Seat Belts
FSAM-1681Air Bags
FSAM-1464Exterior Lighting
FSAM-1445Equipment
FSAM-1429These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Suspension:Rear — Rear Toe Link May Separate open
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) has received two Vehicle Owner Questionnaires (VOQs) reporting left rear toe link separation in certain Model Year (MY) 2023-2024 Rivian R1S vehicles. Both VOQs report component separation while driving, causing the vehicles to swerve across multiple lanes of traffic. One incident resulted in a collision with an adjacent vehicle and roadside barrier. In both separations, the bolt that maintains the integrity of the toe link fractured. Evidence collected from the complaint vehicles included repair histories, onboard video, imagery of the damaged components, and a police accident report. The two vehicles with reported separation have different vehicle
Opened May 26, 2026 · action PE26004 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific R1S
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2024 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Rivian publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2024 Rivian R1S, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2024 Rivian R1S
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this R1S →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database5 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 1 injuries · 0 deaths reported
12 per 10,000 built · Rivian reported 14,446 R1S built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2024: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2026: 5
Most-cited components
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
At 56,083 miles, my 2024 Rivian R1S experienced a suspension warning while driving on the US-101 Freeway and entered reduced-performance/turtle mode, limiting the vehicle to approximately 50 MPH while surrounding traffic was traveling substantially faster. The sudden speed differential created a serious highway collision risk.
Recurring front suspension fastener and component failures causing severe asymmetric inner-shoulder tire wear and steering vibration. Vibration was reported to the manufacturer's service center from delivery (Feb 2024) and repeatedly called "normal." Jan 2025: front left hub bearing and halfshaft replaced under warranty after…
Our 2024 Rivian came to a stop at a light with three cars in front of it. We have the video from a home on the street. ABout 12-15 feet behind the next car. Rivian comes to a complete stop. Sits about 5 seconds. Then car surges forward to rear end the car in front. that car hits another car and another car.
Car suddenly lost control, making zig zag movements, none of the safety sensors were working, car went off road and crashed into freeway side fence. Windows airbags deployed on driver window and passenger window behind driver seat
While backing very slowly into a parking space, I lightly contacted small twigs (please see photo) with the vehicle. There was no impact with another vehicle, pole, wall, or solid object, and no significant force was applied. A child seated in the third row mentioned hearing a light scraping sound.
The contact owns a 2024 Rivian R1S. The contact stated that while his wife was attempting to park in a parking space, the vehicle unintendedly accelerated. The brake pedal was violently depressed however the vehicle continued to accelerate. No warning lights illuminated.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Rivian itself: 2 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 killed, 2 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 14 per 100,000 built. Every R1S model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | not rated | not rated | not rated | ★★★★☆ | 13% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communicationsMost often about: Electrical System, Suspension, Unknown Or Other, Power Train, Structure.
- RSB-93-26-002-1 Service bulletin2026-07-24 · Unknown Or Other
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2026 R1T and R1S vehicles that might have an audible rattle originating from the B-pillar area when driving on rough road surfaces. Upon customer complaint, Rivian will apply anti-rattle tape near both 1st row seat belt retractors to prevent rattling.
- RSB-56-25-002-2 Service bulletin2026-07-23 · Structure — Body
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2024 R1T and R1S vehicles that might have bubbles in the painted surfaces below the exterior door handles. On these vehicles, adhesive that secures an inner door reinforcement could allow contaminants to corrode the inner surface of the door over time, affecting the visual appearance of the door surface. Upon customer compla
- RSB-56-26-001-2 Service bulletin2026-07-23 · Structure — Body
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2024 R1T and R1S vehicles that could have inadequate adhesion between the outer door panel and an internal reinforcement. On affected doors, the exterior door handle might not sit flush with the outer door panel or might move slightly when the handle is operated. Upon customer complaint, Rivian will apply new adhesive betwee
- RSB-86-26-001-1 Service bulletin2026-05-19 · Electrical System
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2024 R1 vehicles that may have ultrasonic sensors detached from the front fascia mounting area. After detachment, the ultrasonic sensor may become dislodged and hang inside the front fascia, causing customer notifications for sensor issues and potential sensor damage. Upon ultrasonic sensor detachment, Rivian will perform an
- RSB-26-26-001-1 Service bulletin2026-05-15 · Visibility/Wiper
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2024 R1T and R1S vehicles that may be susceptible to water ingress in the front HVAC assembly. This may result in damp or soggy carpets in the front of the vehicle. Upon customer complaint of wet carpet in the front of the vehicle, Rivian will inspect the component and replace any damaged parts, and reseal the case to preven
- RSB-93-26-001-1 Service bulletin2026-04-17 · Unknown Or Other
- Rivian is launching a technical service bulletin for some model year 2022-2026 R1T and R1S vehicles that may be prone to noise and/or vibration from the door areas, particularly buzzing and rattling sounds. This results in a perceived quality issue. Upon customer complaint of noise from any door trim panel, Rivian will modify several door trim panel components to alleviate the condition.
- 12v Battery Low SMS 2 Other2026-02-17 · Electrical System
- SMS Reminder sent to customers who had still open potential 12-volt failures.
- 12v Battery Low SMS 1 Other2026-02-09 · Electrical System
- SMS sent to customers with potential 12-volt failure and advising need for replacement to avoid drivability interruptions.
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2024 Rivian R1S failed the safety inspection on 0.22% of first inspections — lower than the 0.74% for every 2024 model-year vehicle inspected.
failed the safety inspection
454 initial inspections of 451 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2024 R1S | Every 2024 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the safety inspection | 0.22% | 0.74% | 454 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0% | 0.17% | 454 |
| Miles driven a year | 9,195 | 9,424 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 22,146 | 21,104 | odometer at inspection |
Electric vehicles get no emissions test in New York, so the safety inspection is the record here. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2024 vehicle” is every 2024 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
R1S by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2024 R1S
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsDoes the 2024 Rivian R1S have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 7 recall campaigns for the 2024 Rivian R1S. The most serious on file is 26V009000, covering Seat Belts. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2024 Rivian R1S?
NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2024 Rivian R1S yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it D (69/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2024 Rivian R1S?
Across the 24 EPA-rated configurations of the 2024 Rivian R1S, the longest EPA range is 400 miles on a charge. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What are the dimensions of the 2024 Rivian R1S?
Transport Canada measured it at 200.8 in long, 79.1 in wide (body, without mirrors), 77.2 in tall, on a 121.3 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 7,068 lb. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.
What do owners complain about on the 2024 Rivian R1S?
Owners have filed 17 complaints with NHTSA about the 2024 Rivian R1S, most often about suspension, forward collision avoidance, unspecified. Of those, 5 involved a crash, 1 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2024 Rivian R1S?
The EPA smog rating for the 2024 Rivian R1S is 10 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California ZEV, Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2024 Rivian R1S?
The manufacturer has filed 33 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2024 Rivian R1S, most often covering electrical system, suspension, unknown or other. The most recent is dated 2026-07-24. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2024 Rivian R1S do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2024 Rivian R1S failed the safety inspection on 0.22% of first inspections — lower than the 0.74% for every 2024 model-year vehicle inspected. The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 24 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 24 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 7 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 17 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 1 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 33 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 1 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | none | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | 5 fields | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | What the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder. |
| Measured dimensions | 7 fields | Transport Canada, Canadian Vehicle Specifications | Length, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | none | Manufacturer press kit | We have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.