2023 Hyundai Palisade
The 2023 Hyundai Palisade is sold in the U.S. as a gas large SUV with 2 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Palisade FWD, is EPA-rated at 22 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 5 recall campaigns for this model year, 1 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 408 complaints, most often about the service brakes. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall. Manufacturer pricing runs from $35,900 to $51,750 across 10 trims.

| Trim | Powertrain | Drive | MSRP | HP | Torque | MPG comb | Seats | Cargo (2nd row) | Wheels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE | Gas | FWD | $35,900 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 8 | 45.8 cu-ft | 18 in |
| SE | Gas | AWD | $37,800 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 8 | 45.8 cu-ft | 18 in |
| SEL | Gas | FWD | $38,900 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 18 in |
| SEL | Gas | AWD | $40,800 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 18 in |
| XRT | Gas | FWD | $41,200 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
| XRT | Gas | AWD | $43,100 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Limited | Gas | FWD | $47,450 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Limited | Gas | AWD | $49,350 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Calligraphy | Gas | FWD | $49,850 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 22 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
| Calligraphy | Gas | AWD | $51,750 | 291 hp | 262 lb-ft | 21 mpg | 7 | 45.8 cu-ft | 20 in |
MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.
Specs & fuel economy
Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov| Configuration | Powertrain | Drive | Engine / motor | City | Hwy | Comb | Annual fuel* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palisade FWD | Gas | FWD | 3.8L 6-cyl | 19 | 27 | 22 | $3,050 |
| Palisade AWD | Gas | AWD | 3.8L 6-cyl | 19 | 25 | 21 | $3,200 |
*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 45309, 45312.
Emissions & certification
Source: EPA emission certificates| Configuration | Smog rating | Emission standard | Where it can be sold new | SmartWay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palisade FWD | 5 / 10 | California LEV-III ULEV70 / Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
| Palisade AWD | 5 / 10 | Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 / California LEV-III ULEV70 | All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards | — |
Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.
The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.
New-vehicle warranty
Source: manufacturer press kits, make-levelAs stated in Hyundai's press kits for the 2022–2023 model years (4 kits); this model year's own kit states no warranty terms, so the make's are shown. Confirm the term for this car with the dealer.
Factory warranty running out?
The 2023 Hyundai Palisade is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.
What to check before you buy →Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.
Recalls (5)
Source: NHTSA recall databaseSeat Belts
283Power Train
246Service Brakes, Hydraulic
245Visibility/Wiper
243These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.
NHTSA defect investigations
Seat Belts — Inadvertent Seat Belt Unlatch closed
On August 7, 2024, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened PE24021 to investigate complaints alleging inadvertent unlatching of seat belts in model year (MY) 2020-2023 Hyundai Palisade vehicles manufactured by Hyundai Motor America. The complaints alleged that, without warning, the seat belts sometimes inadvertently unlatch, increasing the risk of injury due to full loss of seat belt protection in the event of a crash. As a result of information exchanged as part of the investigation, on April 3, 2025, Hyundai initiated a warranty extension policy for seat belt buckles on model year 2020-2025 Palisade vehicles in the U.S. and Canada. Hyundai subsequently initiated a request for warra
Opened Aug 7, 2024 · closed Dec 12, 2025 · action PE24021 · the investigation’s page →
Visibility/Wiper — Windshield Wiper Failure closed
On August 15, 2022, Hyundai Motor America (Hyundai) filed a safety recall (NHTSA Recall 22V-627) of 122,919 model year (MY) 2020-2021 Hyundai Palisade vehicles produced from April 10, 2019 to November 30, 2020. This recall addressed windshield wipers that may function intermittently or stop functioning when impeded by the accumulation of snow and/or ice at the bottom of the windshield. Intermittent or inoperative windshield wipers could reduce driver visibility while operating the vehicle in inclement weather, increasing the risk of a crash. On December 2, 2022, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened this Recall Query (RQ) after receiving 6 consumer complaints alleging windshield w
Opened Dec 2, 2022 · closed May 26, 2023 · action RQ22005 · the investigation’s page →
Whether any of this applies to one specific Palisade
A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2023 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Hyundai publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.
Hear about a recall before the letter does
The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2023 Hyundai Palisade, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.
Parts & accessories for the 2023 Hyundai Palisade
Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.
Find parts for this Palisade →Owner complaints
Source: NHTSA complaint database6 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 2 injuries · 0 deaths reported
48 per 10,000 built · Hyundai reported 84,853 Palisade built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)
Filed per year: 2022: 39 · 2023: 86 · 2024: 102 · 2025: 91 · 2026: 90
Most-cited components
In depth: brake problems → · visibility and wiper problems → · seat belt problems →
In owners' own words
Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.
Vehicle wipers are intermittently working in snowy conditions. Behavior is a typical from any other normal vehicle operations. Vehicle restart and wiper auto low and high modes all selected to try to gain normal wiper behavior. This is a dangerous issue when driving in wet and or snowy conditions
Vehicle will not start and all dealership can say is it appears to be electrical
driving home from the dealer on day of purchase, Tire Pressure Monitoring System failure showed intermittently. vehicle had 7 miles at purchase and less than 50 miles before first failure warning
On September 21, 2022 I had sat in my car for about 8 minutes idling with the key FOB in the car with me. I have as not on remote start. When I left the parking lot and drove a half a mile my engine shut off and a loud beep and red triangle warning came on that read engine failure and to start engine.
The cars gives warning warning and high beeping sounds to shift and car engine to P and then shuts of randomly. Happended to me twicw at 65mph and 35mph. Also the car randomly gives worng way notifications even on the perfectly straight road over and over again
After pressing side button on seat for auto folding function the seat will no longer lock into its track. I took the vehicle to the dealership for a repair and was advised it will be a month before the part arrives on my 2 day old vehicle.
Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.
Reported by Hyundai itself: 24 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 36 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 28 per 100,000 built. Every Palisade model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.
When owners reported it
miles, typically
Half the 18 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 6,000 and 26,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.
Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.
Crash ratings
Source: NHTSA NCAP| Configuration | Overall | Frontal | Side | Rollover | Rollover risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUV AWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 14% |
| SUV FWD | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★☆ | 16% |
NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.
Driver-assist crash reports (1)
Source: NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-011 minor
Jan 2023 to Jan 2023 · 0 with an air bag deployment · 1 towed
What was engaged, and what was hit
System named: Highway Drive Assist (L2) (1)
Crash partner: Other 1
Filed by: Hyundai Motor America
| Incident | System | Struck | Injury alleged | State | Speed | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 2023 | Level 2 · Highway Drive Assist (L2) | Other | minor | CA | — | 669-5395 |
From the manufacturer’s own filing
The reporting entity’s narrative as NHTSA published it, with anything identifying removed and nothing added. A narrative is a notice, written before the entity had verified what happened.
A customer was operating the subject Palisade vehicle in the right-most lane of [redacted], a major California highway, at an alleged 65 MPH. The Highway Drive Assist ("HDA") feature allegedly caused the vehicle to inadvertently steer into the highway divider, resulting in a collision and minor injuries sustained by the operator.
A report under the General Order is a notice the manufacturer or operator must file within days of hearing of a crash in which a Level 2 driver-assist or automated-driving system was engaged within 30 seconds of impact. It is filed before anything is verified, and entities with telematics hear of far more crashes than entities that rely on complaints, so counts say as much about the reporting as about the car and are not comparable across makes. Nothing is normalised by fleet size. Every report on file, by make and year → · NHTSA’s page and files
Service bulletins & campaigns
Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications- 3 years or 36,000 miles · Hyundai warranty extension Z05Certain 2015 – 2018 model year Elantra, 2015 – 2019 model year Sonata, 2017 – 2021 model year Tucson, 2017 – 2018 model year Santa Fe Sport, 2019 model year Santa Fe, 2021 – 2023 model year Santa Fe…
- 15 years or 180,000 miles, whichever comes first · Hyundai warranty extension Z15Some Palisade (LX2) vehicles may exhibit engine oil leakage at the engine oil filter housing assembly due to deterioration of the housing seal.
- 10 years or 120,000 miles, whichever comes first · Hyundai warranty extension Z12Certain Palisade (LX2) vehicles may exhibit a clunking or thumping noise from the rear of the vehicle while driving over rough roads.
- 15 years or 150,000 miles, whichever comes first · Hyundai warranty extension Z06Certain 2020-2025MY Palisade (LX2) vehicles may experience abnormal seat belt buckle(s) operation.
- 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first · Hyundai warranty extension TXX1Certain 2020 - 2024MY Palisade (LX2) vehicles may experience seat belts that are twisted due to excessive space in the D-ring.
- 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first · Hyundai warranty extension TXXICertain 2020 - 2024MY Palisade (LX2) vehicles may experience seat belts that are twisted due to excessive space in the D-ring.
The term and the vehicles it covers are the manufacturer’s, as NHTSA’s summary of each filing states them; a dealer checks one particular car by its VIN. Every Hyundai warranty extension (62) → · Every warranty extension on file, all makes →
Most often about: Engine, Electrical System, Unknown Or Other, Seat Belts, Power Train.
- 26-EM-017H TSB Service bulletin2026-10-08 · Engine
- Certain Palisade (LX2) and Santa Fe (NC) vehicles equipped with Lambda II 6-cylinder engines may exhibit higher-than-expected engine oil consumption. This bulletin outlines the combustion chamber cleaning procedure for vehicles diagnosed with this condition. All internal combustion engines consume some engine oil during normal operation, depending on driving conditions and mileage, and this proced
- 26-EM-015H TSB Service bulletin2026-10-07 · Engine
- Certain vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines may exhibit higher-than-expected engine oil consumption. This bulletin provides the inspection and repair procedures for vehicles exhibiting this condition. All internal combustion engines consume engine oil as part of normal engine operation. Oil consumption rates may vary based on mileage, operating conditions, driving habits, and mainte
- Z05 OL Warranty extension2026-08-26 · Unknown Or Other
- Certain vehicles may exhibit excessive paint peeling or bubbling of the primer/paint film on the exterior metal body panels: hood, fender(s), roof, door(s), quarter panel(s), and tailgate/trunk. This warranty extension only applies to factory-applied paint and does not cover collision-related paint repairs or vehicles with a salvaged title. Hyundai is extending the warranty coverage for certain wh
- Z15 OL Warranty extension2026-08-03 · Engine
- Certain 2020 – 2025 model year Palisade vehicles may exhibit engine oil leakage at the engine oil filter housing assembly due to deterioration of the housing seal. At Hyundai, we are committed to providing vehicles of outstanding quality and value. In an effort to meet this commitment, the warranty coverage for the Engine Oil Filter Housing Seal under these conditions has been extended to 15 years
- Z12 OL Warranty extension2026-07-15 · Suspension
- Certain 2020 – 2024 model year Palisade vehicles may exhibit a clunking or thumping noise from the rear of the vehicle while driving over rough roads. This may be caused by worn rear self-leveling shock absorbers. At Hyundai, we are committed to providing vehicles of outstanding quality and value. In an effort to meet this commitment, Hyundai is extending warranty coverage for the self-leveling re
- 26-BE-012H TSB Service bulletin2026-06-18 · Electrical System
- Some Palisade (LX2) vehicles may display a “Check forward safety systems” warning message on the cluster along with DTC C272246, due to the front view camera calibration range being exceeded. This bulletin provides instructions to replace the front view camera when this DTC is active.
- 26-EE-007H TSB Service bulletin2026-06-17 · Electrical System
- Some Palisade (LX2), Tucson (NX4), and Tucson Hybrid (NX4 HEV) vehicles may experience battery drain due to continuous operation of the cooling fan after vehicle ignition has been turned off, potentially resulting in a no-start condition. The continuous cooling fan operation is caused by a stuck relay in the engine room PCB block. This bulletin provides instructions to replace the engine room PCB
- 26-TC-001H Service bulletin2026-06-01 · Suspension
- Some Palisade (LX2) vehicles may produce noise from AWD coupling vibrations when making turns caused by a logic error with the All Wheel Drive Electronic Control Unit (AWD ECU). This bulletin provides instructions to update the AWD ECU to reduce the coupling noise.
A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.
At the New York inspection station
Source: New York State DMVIn New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Hyundai Palisade failed the emissions check on 1.6% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.3% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%).
failed emissions
2,564 initial inspections of 2,526 vehicles.
| Measure | The 2023 Palisade | Every 2023 vehicle | Behind it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed the emissions check | 1.6% | 1.6% | 2,561 |
| Failed the safety inspection | 1.3% | 1.1% | 2,564 |
| Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit | 0.23% | 0.16% | 2,564 |
| Miles driven a year | 12,191 | 10,038 | odometer at inspection |
| Average odometer | 39,947 | 32,673 | odometer at inspection |
New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2023 vehicle” is every 2023 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).
Palisade by model year
all years, side by side →Common questions about the 2023 Palisade
Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kitsHow much does the 2023 Hyundai Palisade cost?
Manufacturer pricing runs from $35,900 for the SE FWD to $51,750 for the Calligraphy AWD, across 10 trims. Those are MSRPs from the manufacturer's own press material; they exclude destination, options, taxes and whatever the dealer adds. Every trim and price is listed above.
Does the 2023 Hyundai Palisade have any recalls?
NHTSA has posted 5 recall campaigns for the 2023 Hyundai Palisade, 1 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 23V526000, covering Power Train. 2 of them were filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. There is an active park outside advisory — act on it before driving. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.
How safe is the 2023 Hyundai Palisade?
NHTSA gave the 2023 Hyundai Palisade 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 5-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it D (63/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.
What is the fuel economy of the 2023 Hyundai Palisade?
Across the 2 EPA-rated configurations of the 2023 Hyundai Palisade, the best EPA combined figure is 22 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.
What do owners complain about on the 2023 Hyundai Palisade?
Owners have filed 408 complaints with NHTSA about the 2023 Hyundai Palisade, most often about service brakes, visibility/wiper, seat belts. Of those, 6 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 2 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.
How clean is the 2023 Hyundai Palisade?
The EPA smog rating for the 2023 Hyundai Palisade is 5 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III ULEV70, Federal Tier 3 Bin 70 — which the table above lists per configuration.
Are there service bulletins for the 2023 Hyundai Palisade?
The manufacturer has filed 76 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2023 Hyundai Palisade, most often covering engine, electrical system, unknown or other. The most recent is dated 2026-10-08. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.
How does the 2023 Hyundai Palisade do at state inspection?
In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2023 Hyundai Palisade failed the emissions check on 1.6% of first inspections — close to the 1.6% for every 2023 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.3% (every 2023 vehicle: 1.1%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.
Which 2023 Hyundai Palisade trim is the best value?
$15,850 separates the cheapest of the 10 trims from the most expensive, so the answer depends on which of the differences you would actually use. Every trim has its own page here with the manufacturer's full specification and equipment list, plus a short summary of exactly what it adds over the base trim — worth reading before a dealer frames the walk-up for you. The trim-by-trim ladder shows what every step up costs and what it makes standard.
What we hold, and what an empty row means
Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.
| Data | Held | Source | What it covers — or what empty means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel economy & configurations | 2 configurations | EPA certification records | Every configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures. |
| Emission certificates | 2 configurations | EPA emission certificates | Smog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new. |
| Recalls | 5 | NHTSA recall campaigns | A complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags. |
| Owner complaints | 408 | NHTSA complaint database | Also complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold. |
| Crash ratings | 2 tested | NHTSA NCAP | Only the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them. |
| Service bulletins | 76 | NHTSA manufacturer communications | Everything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall. |
| Investigations | 2 | NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation | Open and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative. |
| Driver-assist crash reports | 1 | NHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01 | Crashes the manufacturer or operator reported with a Level 2 or automated-driving system engaged. Notices, filed before verification; not comparable across makes. |
| Specifications filed with NHTSA | none | NHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patterns | We had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable. |
| Trims, pricing & equipment | 10 trims | Manufacturer press kit | Transcribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from. |
Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.
Sources & method
Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.
EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.