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2025 Honda Pilot

Gas
Standard Sport Utility Vehicle 4WD
4 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26
C
Safety Signal
75 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
RecallsNHTSA campaigns 4
Complaints11 crash · 11 injured reported 216
Crash ratingNHTSA overall 5★
Fuel economybest combined, EPA 22 mpg
20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016

The 2025 Honda Pilot is sold in the U.S. as a gas large SUV with 4 EPA-rated configurations. The most efficient version, the Pilot FWD, is EPA-rated at 22 mpg combined. NHTSA lists 4 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of C. Owners have filed 216 complaints, most often about the forward collision avoidance. NHTSA crash-tested it at 5 stars overall.

Honda Pilot — photograph via Wikimedia Commons
Honda Pilot · Photo: Kevauto · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Trims & pricing

Source: manufacturer press kitCompare a trim →
TrimPowertrainDriveMSRPHPTorqueMPG combSeatsCargo (2nd row)Wheels
SportGasFWD—285 hp262 lb-ft22 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in
SportGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft21 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in
EX-LGasFWD—285 hp262 lb-ft22 mpg848.5 cu-ft18 in
EX-LGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft21 mpg848.5 cu-ft18 in
TrailSportGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft20 mpg748.5 cu-ft18 in
TouringGasFWD—285 hp262 lb-ft22 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in
TouringGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft21 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in
EliteGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft21 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in
Black EditionGasAWD—285 hp262 lb-ft21 mpg848.5 cu-ft20 in

MSRP excludes destination. Open a trim for the complete spec sheet and standard/optional equipment. Have the car in front of you? Decode its VIN to see which of these trims it is and what it was priced at.

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov
ConfigurationPowertrainDriveEngine / motorCityHwyCombAnnual fuel*
Pilot FWDGasFWD3.5L 6-cyl192722$3,050
Pilot AWDGasAWD3.5L 6-cyl192521$3,200
Pilot AWD Touring/Elite/BlackGasAWD3.5L 6-cyl192521$3,200
Pilot AWD TrailSportGasAWD3.5L 6-cyl182320$3,350

*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 47728, 47753, 47754, 47755.

Emissions & certification

Source: EPA emission certificates
ConfigurationSmog ratingEmission standardWhere it can be sold newSmartWay
Pilot AWD, Pilot AWD Touring/Elite/Black, Pilot AWD TrailSport, Pilot FWD6 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 / California LEV-III SULEV30All 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standards—

Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.

The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.

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The cheapest ownership win

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Recalls (4)

Source: NHTSA recall database
▲high

Service Brakes, Hydraulic

FLX, XLY
259,033 vehicles 93% reported repaired built Dec 16, 2022 – Nov 6, 2024
Problem Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) is recalling certain 2021-2025 Acura TLX, 2023-2025 Acura MDX, and 2023-2025 Honda Pilot vehicles. The brake pedal pivot pin was not secured properly, which can cause the pedal to shift out of position. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard numbers 108, "Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment" and 135, "Light Vehicle Brake Systems." Risk A brake pedal that shifts out of position can prevent the driver from applying the brakes as intended, increasing the risk of a crash or injury. Fix Dealers will inspect and replace the brake pedal assembly as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 29, 2025. Owners may contact Honda's customer service at 1-888-234-2138. Honda's numbers for this recall are FLX and XLY.
NHTSA campaign 25V391000 reported Jun 12, 2025 Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Seat Belts

ZL4
1,494 vehicles 96% reported repaired built Oct 1, 2024 – Oct 30, 2024
Problem Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) is recalling certain 2025 Honda Pilot vehicles. The third-row passenger seat belt assembly may not function, due to incorrect routing that traps the seat belt behind the passenger side panel. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection." Risk A non-functioning seat belt cannot properly restrain the seat occupant, increasing the risk of injury during a crash. Fix Dealers will inspect and repair the seat belt routing as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 24, 2025. Owners may contact Honda's customer service at 1-888-234-2138. Honda's number for this recall is ZL4.
NHTSA campaign 25V056000 reported Feb 5, 2025 Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Fuel System, Gasoline

EL1, AL0
294,612 vehicles 95% reported repaired built Sep 13, 2022 – Jan 9, 2025
Problem Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) is recalling certain 2022-2025 Acura MDX Type-S, 2023-2025 Honda Pilot, and 2021-2025 Acura TLX Type-S vehicles. A software error in the fuel injection electronic control unit (FI-ECU) may cause an engine stall or a loss of power. Risk An engine stall or loss of power can increase the risk of a crash or injury. Fix Dealers will reprogram the FI-ECU software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 17, 2025. Owners may contact Honda's customer service at 1-888-234-2138. Honda's numbers for this recall are EL1 and AL0.
NHTSA campaign 25V031000 reported Jan 23, 2025 Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Fuel System, Gasoline

OKM
205,760 vehicles 95% reported repaired built Feb 14, 2023 – May 8, 2024
Problem Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) is recalling certain 2023-2024 Passport and 2023-2025 Pilot vehicles. The fuel filler neck tube and fuel filler pipe may separate, allowing fuel to leak. Risk A fuel leak in the presence of an ignition source increases the risk of a fire. Fix Dealers will inspect and repair the fuel filler neck tube and pipe as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 7, 2025. Owners may contact Honda customer service at 1-888-234-2138. Honda's number for this recall is OKM.
NHTSA campaign 24V900000 reported Nov 27, 2024 Honda (American Honda Motor Co.) the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

NHTSA defect investigations

Engine And Engine Cooling:Engine — No Restart After Auto Start/Stop Engages open

On June 3, 2022, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Preliminary Evaluation PE22005 after the agency received VOQs and several field reports concerning the Auto Idle Stop (AIS) feature on 2016-2019MY Honda Pilot vehicles. The complaints allege that the engine fails to restart on its own from a complete stop at a traffic light or road intersection with the AIS function engaged. The subject vehicles are equipped with a 3.5L engine with a 9-speed automatic transmission. On January 6, 2023, Honda released service bulletins 23-008 and 23-009. These service bulletins address the failure to restart issue in the 2016-2019MY Honda Pilot vehicles, as well as the 2015-2020 Acura TLX, 2016-2020

Opened Mar 26, 2025 · action EA25004 · the investigation’s page →

Whether any of this applies to one specific Pilot

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2025 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Honda publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2025 Honda Pilot, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2025 Honda Pilot

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

Find parts for this Pilot →

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
216complaints filed

11 involved a crash · 0 a fire · 11 injuries · 0 deaths reported

9.0 per 10,000 built · Honda reported 240,955 Pilot built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)

Filed per year: 2024: 19 · 2025: 86 · 2026: 111

Most-cited components

Forward Collision Avoidance 77
Electrical System 45
Steering 45
Service Brakes 33
Engine 33
Unspecified 28

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

During the most recent weather, light snow, the sensor on the front of the car ices over and disables many of the safety features while driving. The driver will get a caution alert on the dash that says "some" safety features "May" be disabled. However, there is no information about which ones or why.
Back Over Prevention Feb 13, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11642425
The contact owns a 2025 Honda Pilot. The contact stated while driving 45 MPH in the rain, the Honda emblem became wet, and the driver assist features stopped working properly. The message displayed was sensor obstructed which may affect some of the driver assist features. The vehicle was taken to a dealer but was not diagnosed.
Electrical System at 2,700 miles Feb 11, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11641971
My brand new 2025 Honda Pilot frequently (several times per week) will deploy the CMBS (Collision Mitigation Braking System) causing the brakes to be applied harshly and bringing the vehicle to a near stop, despite there being nothing in the road ahead, behind, or to the sides of the vehicle.
Forward Collision Avoidance Jan 8, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11634806
Shifting from 1st, 2nd, 3rd gears is delayed/hesitant. Extremely noticeable at low speeds when releasing accelerator or braking. Unable to predict speed when coming to a smooth stop, occasionally feels like it lurches forward when it tries to downshift upon braking.
Power Train Jan 3, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11633989
While driving on a winding mountain pass traveling from Bozeman, MT to Butte, MT. I was driving my 2025 Honda Pilot in the inside lane while a semi was traveling in the outside lane ahead of me. As the road curved left, I approached as the semi was ahead in the next lane.
Service Brakes Sep 30, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11617148
Ripples in windshield cause distortion when viewing the road. This is only present in the passenger side on my vehicle
Visibility/Wiper Sep 10, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11613677

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by Honda itself: 32 death-or-injury claims on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 36 injured, as claimed, not verified — about 13 per 100,000 built. Every Pilot model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

When owners reported it

Reported at 8k

miles, typically

Half the 24 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 3,000 and 18,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.

Too few readings for a curve — the 24 on file: 13 under 10k, 7 10k–20k, 2 20k–30k, 1 30k–40k, 1 50k–60k.

Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP
ConfigurationOverallFrontalSideRolloverRollover risk
SUV AWD★★★★★★★★★☆★★★★★★★★★☆14%
SUV FWD★★★★★★★★★☆★★★★★★★★★☆16%

NHTSA New Car Assessment Program. Standard driver-assist: forward collision warning, lane departure warning, automatic emergency braking.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 35
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-09-16
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 26 others, 8 service bulletins, 1 over-the-air update

Most often about: Electrical System, Engine, Structure, Wheels, Visibility/Wiper.

  • A26-030 Service bulletin
    2026-09-16 · Electrical System
  • Service Bulletin - The driver-information interface may display a warning message when a malfunction in the Auto Idle Stop System is detected due to possible insufficient wire length at the Battery Management System (BMS) connector causing the wires to break.
  • 2026-05-13 · Engine
  • Dealer Message - American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (AHM) is searching for certain 2025 Pilots with customer complaint of Check Engine Light (CEL) on with DTC P0420 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)] and/or P0430 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2]] stored. To better understand the cause of this condition, AHM would like to collect specific parts from the vehicle.
  • 2026-04-27 · Engine
  • Dealer Message - American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (AHM) is searching for certain 2025 Pilots with customer complaint of Check Engine Light (CEL) on with DTC P0420 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)] and/or P0430 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2]] stored. To better understand the cause of this condition, AHM would like to collect specific parts from the vehicle.
  • 2026-04-13 · Engine
  • Dealer Message - American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (AHM) is searching for certain 2025 Pilots with customer complaint of Check Engine Light (CEL) on with DTC P0420 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)] and/or P0430 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2]] stored. To better understand the cause of this condition, AHM would like to collect specific parts from the vehicle.
  • A30149 Over-the-air update
    2026-02-10 · Electrical System
  • Over The Air - This update contains various performance enhancements and UI improvements.
  • 2026-01-31 · Engine
  • Dealer Message - American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (AHM) is searching for certain 2025 Pilots with customer complaint of Check Engine Light (CEL) on with DTC P0420 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)] and/or P0430 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2]] stored. To better understand the cause of this condition, AHM would like to collect specific parts from the vehicle.
  • A26-027 Service bulletin
    2026-01-22 · Seat Belts
  • Service Bulletin - The seat belt reminder incorrectly indicates that the second-row right passenger seat belt is unfastened even after the passenger has fastened it.
  • 2026-01-14 · Engine
  • Dealer Message - American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (AHM) is searching for certain 2025 Pilots with customer complaint of Check Engine Light (CEL) on with DTC P0420 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)] and/or P0430 [Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2]] stored. To better understand the cause of this condition, AHM would like to collect specific parts from the vehicle.

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

Diagnostic trouble codes on file

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaints

Codes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.

CodeWhat it meansMost often filed underWhere it appears
P0420
P0420 on Honda →
The catalytic converter on bank 1 is not cleaning up the exhaust as well as it should.Engine · Catalytic converter →5 bulletins
P0430
P0430 on Honda →
The catalytic converter on bank 2 is not cleaning up the exhaust as well as it should.Engine · Catalytic converter →5 bulletins

Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2025 Honda Pilot failed the safety inspection on 0.43% of first inspections — close to the 0.36% for every 2025 model-year vehicle inspected.

New York inspections 0.43%

failed the safety inspection

11,298 initial inspections of 11,148 vehicles.

MeasureThe 2025 PilotEvery 2025 vehicleBehind it
Failed the safety inspection0.43%0.36%11,298
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit0.21%0.16%11,298
Miles driven a year11,5228,354odometer at inspection
Average odometer16,47412,194odometer at inspection

New York does not emissions-test model years this new, so the safety inspection is the record here. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2025 vehicle” is every 2025 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

Compare the 2025 Pilot with

Any vehicle, your weights →
Head-to-headVerdict
2025 Jeep Grand Cherokee · Large SUV · grade FPilot +21
2025 Toyota Highlander · Large SUV · grade CPilot +5.3
2025 Toyota 4Runner · Large SUV · grade APilot +10.9
2025 Toyota Sequoia · Large SUV · grade AToss-up
2025 Toyota Grand Highlander · Large SUV · grade BToss-up
2025 Kia EV9 · Large SUV · grade CEV9 +14.4

Pilot by model year

all years, side by side →

Common questions about the 2025 Pilot

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2025 Honda Pilot have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 4 recall campaigns for the 2025 Honda Pilot. The most serious on file is 25V391000, covering Service Brakes, Hydraulic. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2025 Honda Pilot?

NHTSA gave the 2025 Honda Pilot 5 stars overall in its New Car Assessment Program tests — 4-star frontal crash, 5-star side crash, 4-star rollover. WhichTrim also grades it C (75/100) on its recall record, which is a different question from crash protection.

What is the fuel economy of the 2025 Honda Pilot?

Across the 4 EPA-rated configurations of the 2025 Honda Pilot, the best EPA combined figure is 22 mpg. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.

What do owners complain about on the 2025 Honda Pilot?

Owners have filed 216 complaints with NHTSA about the 2025 Honda Pilot, most often about forward collision avoidance, electrical system, steering. Of those, 11 involved a crash, 11 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

How clean is the 2025 Honda Pilot?

The EPA smog rating for the 2025 Honda Pilot is 6 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California LEV-III SULEV30, Federal Tier 3 Bin 30 — which the table above lists per configuration.

Are there service bulletins for the 2025 Honda Pilot?

The manufacturer has filed 35 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2025 Honda Pilot, most often covering electrical system, engine, structure. The most recent is dated 2026-09-16. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2025 Honda Pilot do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 10, 2026, the 2025 Honda Pilot failed the safety inspection on 0.43% of first inspections — close to the 0.36% for every 2025 model-year vehicle inspected. The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

Is the 2025 Honda Pilot better than the 2025 Jeep Grand Cherokee?

The Honda Pilot wins clearly, 94.4 to 73.4, on tech & comfort, safety, space & cargo. The Jeep Grand Cherokee is ahead on fuel & range and performance. We publish a full side-by-side of the 2025 Honda Pilot against the 2025 Jeep Grand Cherokee — specifications by family, equipment feature by feature, safety record and ownership costs. You can re-weight what matters to you and the verdict recalculates.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurations4 configurationsEPA certification recordsEvery configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures.
Emission certificates4 configurationsEPA emission certificatesSmog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new.
Recalls4NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints216NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratings2 testedNHTSA NCAPOnly the configurations NHTSA chose to crash-test, which is never all of them.
Service bulletins35NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
Investigations1NHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationOpen and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSAnoneNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWe had no VIN pattern to decode for this model year, or the manufacturer filed nothing usable.
Trims, pricing & equipment9 trimsManufacturer press kitTranscribed from the manufacturer's own press material, every value carrying the document it came from.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly. Trim-level specifications and pricing are transcribed from the manufacturer's official press kit; every value carries its source in the data file.

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