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Your vehicleHome›Jaguar›I-Pace› 2020
Active NHTSA advisory: park outside and away from structures until repaired. Check your VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls and see the recall details below.
Jaguar · Compact SUV

2020 Jaguar I-Pace

Electric
Small Sport Utility Vehicle 4WD
1 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-10-26
F
Safety Signal
32 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
Recalls6 critical 8
Complaints1 crash · 1 fire reported 62
Crash ratingnot rated by NHTSA —
EV rangebest configuration, EPA 234 mi
202420232022202120202019

The 2020 Jaguar I-Pace is sold in the U.S. as an electric compact SUV. Its longest-range version, the I-Pace, is EPA-rated at 234 miles with 76 MPGe combined efficiency. NHTSA lists 8 recall campaigns for this model year, 6 rated critical, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of F. Owners have filed 62 complaints, most often about the electrical system.

Jaguar I-Pace — photograph via Wikimedia Commons
Jaguar I-Pace · Photo: Alexander-93 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov
ConfigurationPowertrainDriveEngine / motorCityHwyCombRangekWh/100miCharge (240V)Annual fuel*
I-PaceElectric4WD147 and 147 kW AC 3-Phase807276 MPGe234 mi44.313 h$1,000

*EPA estimate at 15,000 miles/year at EPA reference fuel and electricity prices. fueleconomy.gov record ids: 41413.

Emissions & certification

Source: EPA emission certificates
ConfigurationSmog ratingEmission standardWhere it can be sold newSmartWay
I-Pace10 / 10Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 / California ZEVAll 50 states (federal, all altitudes); California and states following California standardsSmartWay Elite

Certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S.

The smog rating scores tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, 1 (worst) to 10 (best), and is comparable only within a model year. The standard is the federal bin or California tier the configuration was certified to. Both come from the EPA certificate behind the window sticker.

Specifications filed with NHTSA

Source: NHTSA vPIC

Dimensions Exterior

Body styleSport Utility Vehicle [SUV]/Multipurpose Vehicle [MPV]
Doors5
GVWR classClass 1D: 5,001 - 6,000 lb (2,268 - 2,722 kg)

Engine Output

Horsepower394 hp

Fuel Economy

FuelElectric

Seating

Seat rows2
Seating capacity5 seats

Transmission

DrivetrainAWD/All-Wheel Drive
TransmissionAutomatic
Transmission speeds1

Driver assistance

Standard: Adaptive cruise control, Anti-lock brakes, Automatic emergency braking, Backup camera, Blind-spot monitoring, Electronic stability control, Lane departure warning, Lane keeping assist, Parking assist, Rear cross-traffic alert

Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes the configurations we could identify rather than every trim (seen: HSE, S, SE). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.

Dimensions & weight

Source: Transport Canada
Length184.3 in
Width (body, without mirrors)79.1 in
Height61.8 in
Wheelbase117.7 in
Track, front64.6 in
Track, rear64.6 in
Curb weight4,868 lb
Weight distribution, front/rear53/47

Measured by Transport Canada for its Canadian Vehicle Specifications database, which covers the North American versions of each model — here one configuration: 4-door SUV. Where a range is shown, those versions differ. Width is the body without mirrors, which is why it can read narrower than a brochure figure. Before we used it we checked it against the US manufacturer press kits we hold (27 Sep 2026): wheelbase agreed within 1% on every vehicle we could compare, length on 98%, and the curb weight fell inside the manufacturer's range on 96%. Source dataset. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – Canada. Licence.

Also on file Beside the 2020 I-Pace
Other years The 2024 I-Pace Recalls Jaguar recalls
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Factory warranty running out?

The 2020 Jaguar I-Pace is in the years where high-voltage electronics and module repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.

What to check before you buy →

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Recalls (8)

Source: NHTSA recall database
!critical

Electrical System

H570 H571 H572
2,278 vehicles built Apr 8, 2019 – Jan 8, 2020
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2020-2021 Jaguar I-PACE vehicles. The high voltage battery may overheat. Risk A high voltage battery that overheats increases the risk of a fire. Fix Owners are advised to park outside and away from structures, charge outside, and limit their charge to a maximum of 90% until the recall repair is complete. As an interim repair, the battery software will be updated by a dealer, or through an over-the-air (OTA) update to limit the state of charge to 90%. The final remedy is currently under development. Repairs will be performed free of charge. Interim letters notifying owners of the safety risk were mailed April 2, 2026. Additional letters will
Filed with NHTSADefect report PDFInterim owner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 26V067000 reported Feb 5, 2026 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

H484
Park outside 258 vehicles 26% reported repaired
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC. (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2020 I-Pace vehicles. The high-voltage battery may overheat. Risk A high-voltage battery that overheats increases the risk of a fire. Fix Dealers will replace the high-voltage battery, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 26, 2024. Owners may contact Jaguar's customer service at 1-800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H484. These vehicles were previously recalled under 23V-369 and will need to have the new remedy completed.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 24V183000 reported Mar 7, 2024 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

H471
Park outside 100 vehicles 78% reported repaired built Sep 7, 2018 – Jul 22, 2019
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2020 Jaguar I-PACE vehicles previously repaired under recall number 23V-369. The high-voltage battery may overheat. Risk A high-voltage battery that overheats increases the risk of a fire. Fix Owners are advised to park and charge their vehicle outside and away from structures until the recall repair is complete and for 30 days after the repair has been completed. The battery energy control module software will be updated by a dealer. Repairs will be performed free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 20, 2024. Owners may contact Jaguar's customer service at 1 -800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H471. These vehicles were previously recalled for t
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 24V085000 reported Feb 8, 2024 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

H468
2 vehicles 100% reported repaired built Jun 8, 2018 – Jul 18, 2019
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2020 Jaguar I-PACE vehicles. The fasteners that secure the battery module to the busbars may not have been tightened securely, which can cause electrical arcing at the busbars. Risk Electrical arcing increases the risk of a fire. Fix Dealers will inspect and repair the busbar fasteners and replace any damaged components as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 21, 2024. Owners may contact Jaguar's customer service at 1-800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H468.
Filed with NHTSADefect report PDFOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 24V086000 reported Feb 8, 2024 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

H459
Park outside 501 vehicles 93% reported repaired
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2023 I-PACE vehicles previously repaired under recall 23V-369. The previous repair may not have been completed correctly, and still allow the high-voltage battery to overheat. Risk The high-voltage battery overheating increases the risk of a fire. Fix Owners are advised to park and charge their vehicle outside and away from structures until the recall repair is complete, and for 30 days after the repair has been completed. Dealers will update the battery energy control module software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 11, 2023. Owners may contact Jaguar customer service at 1-800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H459.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 23V709000 reported Oct 19, 2023 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
!critical

Electrical System

H441
Park outside 6,422 vehicles 96% reported repaired
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2024 Jaguar I-PACE vehicles. The high-voltage battery may overheat. Risk The high-voltage battery overheating increases the risk of a fire. Fix Owners are advised to park and charge vehicle outside and away from structures until the recall repair is complete. The battery energy control module software will be updated by a dealer, or through an over-the-air (OTA) update. In addition, battery modules will be replaced as necessary. Repairs will be performed free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 18, 2023. Owners may contact Jaguar's customer service at 1-800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H441.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 23V369000 reported May 25, 2023 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Seats

H282
1 vehicles 100% reported repaired built Apr 24, 2019 – Apr 24, 2019
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling one 2020 I-Pace vehicle. The front passenger seat frame may be missing fasteners, resulting in a seat frame with insufficient strength. Risk In the event of a crash, the seat may not properly secure the occupant, increasing their risk of injury. Fix Jaguar will notify the owner, and a dealer will replace the front passenger seat assembly, free of charge. The recall began March 25, 2020. Owners may contact Jaguar customer service at 1-800-452-4827. Jaguar's number for this recall is H282.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 20V082000 reported Feb 13, 2020 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Service Brakes

H213
3,083 vehicles 94% reported repaired built Jan 25, 2018 – Apr 11, 2019
Problem Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC (Jaguar) is recalling certain 2019-2020 I-PACE vehicles. If the electrical regenerative brake system fails, there will be an increased delay between when the driver brakes and when the vehicle decelerates. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 135, "Light Vehicle Brake Systems." Risk A delay in deceleration, increases the distance needed to stop and the risk of a crash. Fix Jaguar will notify owners, and dealers will update the software to reduce the delay, free of charge. The recall began June 12, 2019. Owners may contact Jaguar customer service at 1-800-637-6837. Jaguar's number for this recall is H213.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDFRemedy instructions PDF
NHTSA campaign 19V351000 reported May 9, 2019 Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above. nhtsa.gov/recalls shows both for a VIN.

NHTSA defect investigations

Electrical System:Propulsion System — Pedestrian alert sounds closed

NHTSA received a petition on or about July 18, 2022, requesting that Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 141 be applied to all electric and hybrid vehicles operating in the United States. The petition can be reviewed at NHTSA.gov under ODI Number 11486072. FMVSS 141 establishes performance requirements for pedestrian alert sounds for motor vehicles. The standard applies to hybrid and electric vehicles that have a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 KG or less or are defined as low-speed vehicles. The standard became fully applicable to all such vehicles manufactured on or after March 1, 2021. On January 27, 2023, NHTSA opened Defect Petition (DP) 22-005 to evaluate the subject mat

Opened Jan 27, 2023 · closed Aug 7, 2023 · action DP22005 · the investigation’s page →

Whether any of this applies to one specific I-Pace

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2020 can differ. Both of these check a VIN against the manufacturer’s own list, free, in about ten seconds. Jaguar publishes its own lookup because federal rule 49 CFR 573.15 requires it to, and to keep it current to within seven days.

NHTSA VIN check →Jaguar’s own VIN lookup →

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

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Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
62complaints filed

1 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 0 injuries · 0 deaths reported

326 per 10,000 built · Jaguar reported 1,904 I-Pace built (its Early Warning production report to NHTSA)

Filed per year: 2021: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2025: 4 · 2026: 42

Most-cited components

Electrical System 48
Unspecified 11
Engine 9
Fuel/Propulsion System 8
Service Brakes 5
Forward Collision Avoidance 5

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

am submitting this complaint regarding a failure by the manufacturer (Jaguar Land Rover) to perform a federally mandated safety recall on my vehicle. •Vehicle: Jaguar I-PACE (U.S.
Electrical System Apr 7, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11729624
When braking the car jumps then brakes, the electrical system flickers sometimes and it won’t go into gear. If not used for a couple days a warning comes on. This has happened 2 times despite buying a new battery is what the dealership said it needed.
Service Brakes Apr 22, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11732918
on 12.25.24 I was driving when 4 warning alerts suddenly appeared on my dash: Forward Alert Not Available, ASPC not available, Stability control not available, Autonomous Emergency Braking System not available. I was able to pull over to a parking lot to read the alerts.
Forward Collision Avoidance Dec 27, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11632724
Several battery cells have failed and have required replacement on at least 3 occasions in this vehicle. I believe there is a fire risk and that the affected vin range of recall H484 was too narrow.
Fuel/Propulsion System Aug 16, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11609076
24-volt battery failed, causing the steering column to lock up and all components to malfunction. All doors were locked, and I could not get out of the vehicle. I had to call my husband to let me out through the vehicle's truck manually. This has caused me a great deal of anxiety.
Steering Feb 20, 2024 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11572972
The contact owns a 2020 Jaguar I-Pace. The contact stated that the battery failed, causing the vehicle not to start. No warning lights were illuminated prior to the failure. The vehicle was taken to the local dealer, who was unable to repair the vehicle.
Electrical System at 70,000 miles Mar 25, 2026 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11726957

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

When owners reported it

Reported at 39k

miles, typically

Half the 12 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 28,000 and 70,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.

Too few readings for a curve — the 12 on file: 2 10k–20k, 2 20k–30k, 3 30k–40k, 1 40k–50k, 2 70k–80k, 1 90k–100k, 1 100k–150k.

Median mileage by component

ComponentReportsMedian milesVs same age
Electrical System1238,7003.91×

Vs same age is this model year’s median for the system divided by the median of every 2020-model-year complaint about the same system, all makes: under 1× means owners of this car reported it at lower mileage. Here, owners reported later: electrical system (3.91×). Which systems go early across the whole fleet: the component study.

Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP

NHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 258
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-07-04
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 233 service bulletins, 24 others, 1 over-the-air update

Most often about: Electrical System, Equipment, Power Train, Unknown Or Other, Equipment Adaptive/Mobility.

  • 2026-07-04 · Unknown Or Other
  • Unable to select Navigation when pressing the navigation Tile on the Touchscreen.
  • H504v2 - 18MAY26 Service bulletin
    2026-05-18 · Unknown Or Other
  • Body Control Module (BCM) does not fully meet US importation requirements. The BCM requires replacement with a new component which fully meets the US importation requirements.
  • 2026-03-10 · Electrical System
  • Smart Key Deactivated message on instrument cluster and is unable to start their vehicle.
  • 2025-08-29 · Unknown Or Other
  • Customer may report Body and Comfort (HMI) CAN related functions such as window switches or air conditioning may reset or become inoperable every 8-10 minutes while driving.
  • H525v3 - 19AUG25 Service bulletin
    2025-08-19 · Unknown Or Other
  • High Voltage Coolant Heater (HVCH) unit may fail. This results in a lack of passenger compartment heating. The functionality of the heated windshield remains unaffected.
  • 2025-05-09 · Unknown Or Other
  • REVERSE CAMERA GRID LINES MISSING AFTER IPMB UPDATE
  • 2025-05-05 · Unknown Or Other
  • Grid lines are no longer showing in the reverse camera image after a software update to IPMB camera module.
  • 2025-04-11 · Unknown Or Other
  • Cosmetic defect to IDMA and ICDM will also be handled via AutoFRED for specific model callouts.

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

I-Pace by model year

all years, side by side →
Year Safety Recalls Complaints
2024 B 2 24 Park outside2023 C 3 2 Park outside2022 D 5 4 Park outside2021 F 6 2 Park outside2020 this page F 8 62 Park outside2019 F 8 149 Park outside

Common questions about the 2020 I-Pace

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 8 recall campaigns for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace, 6 of them rated critical. The most serious on file is 26V067000, covering Electrical System. 1 of them was filed with no repair available at the time — NHTSA's file records what the manufacturer had in hand on the filing date, not what exists today. There is an active park outside advisory — act on it before driving. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it F (32/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.

What is the fuel economy of the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

For the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace, the longest EPA range is 234 miles on a charge. Figures are the EPA's own, per configuration, and every one is listed above.

What are the dimensions of the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

Transport Canada measured it at 184.3 in long, 79.1 in wide (body, without mirrors), 61.8 in tall, on a 117.7 in wheelbase. Curb weight: 4,868 lb. Those are its measurements of the North American versions; every figure is in the table above.

What do owners complain about on the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

Owners have filed 62 complaints with NHTSA about the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace, most often about electrical system, unspecified, engine. Of those, 1 involved a crash, 1 a fire. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

How clean is the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

The EPA smog rating for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace is 10 out of 10. That score covers tailpipe pollutants other than greenhouse gases, and it only compares vehicles within the same model year. It is certified for all fifty states, so it can be registered new anywhere in the U.S. Its configurations were certified to different standards — California ZEV, Federal Tier 3 Bin 0 — which the table above lists per configuration.

Are there service bulletins for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace?

The manufacturer has filed 258 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2020 Jaguar I-Pace, most often covering electrical system, equipment, power train. The most recent is dated 2026-07-04. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurations1 configurationsEPA certification recordsEvery configuration the EPA certified for sale, with its own test figures.
Emission certificates1 configurationsEPA emission certificatesSmog rating, standard and the sales area that decides where the car can be sold new.
Recalls8NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints62NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratingsnoneNHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe.
Service bulletins258NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
Investigations1NHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationOpen and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSA10 fieldsNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWhat the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder.
Measured dimensions7 fieldsTransport Canada, Canadian Vehicle SpecificationsLength, width, height, wheelbase, track and curb weight, measured on the North American versions.
Trims, pricing & equipmentnoneManufacturer press kitWe have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-10-26. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Where to go next

pages beside this one
Other years The 2024 I-Pace The I-Pace model year with the cleanest record on file — grade B, 2 recalls.Recalls Every Jaguar recall on file All campaigns filed against Jaguar vehicles, newest first, with the manufacturer's own number.Recall Watch Watch this I-Pace by VIN Give it the VIN and you hear the night a campaign is filed — from $29 a month for a lot, free for ten.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.

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