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2016 Ford E-Series

Van
0 EPA-rated configurations
Data refreshed 2026-11-04
D
Safety Signal
65 / 100 from the NHTSA recall record
RecallsNHTSA campaigns 7
Complaints2 crash · 1 fire · 1 injured reported 25
Crash ratingnot rated by NHTSA —
202720262025202420232022202120202019201820172016

The 2016 Ford E-Series is a special purpose; vehicles over 8,500 lb GVWR are not certified for fuel economy by the EPA, so this page is built from NHTSA's recall, complaint and investigation records. NHTSA lists 7 recall campaigns for this model year, which gives it a Safety Signal grade of D. Owners have filed 25 complaints, most often about the structure.

Ford E-Series — photograph via Wikimedia Commons
Ford E-Series · Photo: Bull-Doser · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Specs & fuel economy

Source: EPA fueleconomy.gov

No EPA fuel-economy record: the EPA does not certify vehicles over 8,500 lb GVWR. Recall, complaint and investigation data below come from NHTSA.

Specifications filed with NHTSA

Source: NHTSA vPIC

Dimensions Exterior

Body styleIncomplete - Stripped Chassis
GVWR classClass 3: 10,001 - 14,000 lb (4,536 - 6,350 kg)

Engine Basics

Cylinders10
Displacement6.8 L
Engine configurationV-Shaped

Engine Output

Horsepower305 hp

Fuel Economy

FuelGasoline

Filed by the manufacturer with NHTSA under the federal vehicle-identification rule and decoded from the VIN pattern — not a manufacturer press kit, so it describes one configuration rather than every trim (seen: Econoline). Figures for the trim you are looking at may differ.

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Factory warranty running out?

The 2016 Ford E-Series is in the years where transmission, electronics and drivetrain repairs land on the owner. What an extended plan does and does not cover is worth reading before a dealer quotes you one.

What to check before you buy →

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

Recalls (7)

Source: NHTSA recall database
▲high

Power Train

19S20
3,868 vehicles 53% reported repaired built May 11, 2009 – Oct 12, 2015
Problem Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2009-2016 Ford Econoline vehicles equipped with a 5R110W transmission, 5.4L engine, and a school bus or ambulance preparation package. A weld within the coast clutch may fail, causing an unexpected loss of drive power. Risk A sudden loss of drive power increases the risk of a crash. Transferring occupants of a disabled school bus or ambulance to another vehicle increases their risk of injury. Fix Ford will notify owners, and dealers will replace the single-engaging coast one-way clutch with a new dual-engaging one-way clutch, free of charge. The recall began August 19, 2019. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 19S20.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 19V432000 reported Jun 10, 2019 Ford Motor Company the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
●moderate

Equipment

22 vehicles built May 1, 2017 – Dec 13, 2018
Problem VCI Emergency Vehicle Specialists (VCI) is recalling certain 2017-2018 Ford F-550, 2014 E-350 and E-450, 2015 F-250 and F-450, 2016 E-450, 2017 E-350, F-450 and E-450, 2018 F-350, 2010 E-450, 2005-2006 E-450, 2009 E-450 and Chevrolet C4500-based Type I and Type III ambulances equipped with ASA Electronics Voyager monitors used to display the back-up camera image. The monitors may unexpectedly revert back to the factory default settings which may cause the camera image to be reversed. Risk The driver may inadvertently turn the wrong direction to avoid an object behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash. Fix VCI Emergency Vehicle Specialists will work with ASA to notify the owners, and remedy the displays, free of charge. The recall began May 9, 2019. Owners may contact ASA Electronics at 1-800-384-4400.
NHTSA campaign 19V401000 reported May 29, 2019 VCI Emergency Vehicle Specialists the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Seats

471 vehicles 6% reported repaired built Feb 24, 2015 – Jul 10, 2018
Problem Quality Van Sales, Inc. (Quality Van) is recalling certain 2015-2018 Ford Transit and E-350 vehicles modified to be equipped with Freedman GO-ES Foldaway Seat back cushions. The seat cushion may not remain locked into place when under load, such as in a crash or a sudden stop. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 207, "Seating Systems." Risk In the event of a crash, if the seat back moves, the seat occupant has an increased risk of injury. Fix Quality Van will notify owners and dealers will inspect and repair the foldaway seat, free of charge. The recall began March 21, 2019. Owners may contact Quality Van customer service at 1-800-408-8550.
NHTSA campaign 19V205000 reported Mar 18, 2019 Quality Van Sales, Inc. the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Fuel System, Other

VR
8 vehicles 100% reported repaired built Feb 24, 2016 – May 6, 2016
Problem National Fleet Services of Ohio (National Fleet) is recalling certain 2016 Ford E-450 vehicles equipped with Roush, Generation 4, Propane Conversion Kits. The fuel control valve solenoid may short circuit, shutting off the flow of propane to the engine, causing the engine to shut off. Risk An engine stall while driving increases the risk of a crash. Fix National Fleet will notify owners, and Roush dealers will replace the defective fuel control valve solenoid, free of charge. The recall began on April 21, 2017. Owners may contact National Fleet customer service at 1-440-903-5177, or Roush customer service at 1-800-597-6874. National Fleet's number for this recall is VR.
NHTSA campaign 17V269000 reported Apr 21, 2017 National Fleet Services of Ohio the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Fuel System, Other

VR
434 vehicles 99% reported repaired built Aug 1, 2015 – Feb 28, 2017
Problem Roush CleanTech, LLC (Roush) is recalling certain 2015-2017 Roush-modified Ford E-450, F59, F-650 and F-750 vehicles equipped with certain Generation 4 Propane Conversion Kits. The fuel control valve solenoid may short circuit, shutting off the flow of propane to the engine, causing the engine to shut off. Risk An engine stall while driving increases the risk of a crash. Fix Roush has notified owners, and dealers will replace the fuel control valve solenoid, free of charge. The recall began on March 22, 2017. Owners may contact Roush customer service at 1-800-597-6874. Roush's number for this recall is VR.
NHTSA campaign 17V170000 reported Mar 13, 2017 Roush CleanTech, LLC the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Electrical System

16S01
75 vehicles 51% reported repaired built Nov 3, 2014 – Dec 10, 2015
Problem Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2016 E-350 and E-450 vehicles manufactured November 3, 2014, to December 10, 2015 and equipped with a 6.8L engine and an optional trailer brake controller. The trailer braking system may fail, increasing the distance needed to stop the vehicle. Risk If the vehicle unexpectedly needs an extended braking distance, there would be an increased risk of a crash. Fix Ford will notify owners, and dealers will reprogram the powertrain control module, free of charge. The recall began on February 19, 2016. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 16S01. Note: This recall supersedes 15V-710. Any vehicle previously repaired under 15V-710 will need to be repaired again.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 16V046000 reported Jan 28, 2016 Ford Motor Company the full filing, and every vehicle covered →
▲high

Electrical System

15S32
65 vehicles 100% reported repaired built Nov 3, 2014 – Sep 1, 2015
Problem Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain model year 2016 E-350 and E-450 vehicles manufactured November 3, 2014, to September 1, 2015, and equipped with a 6.8L engine and an optional trailer brake controller. In the affected vehicles, the trailer brake controller may not actuate the trailer brakes. Risk If the trailer brakes are not activated when the towing vehicle is slowing down, the distance needed to stop the vehicle may be lengthened, increasing the risk of a crash. Fix Ford will notify owners, and dealers will reprogram the powertrain control module, free of charge. The recall began on November 10, 2015. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 15S32.
Filed with NHTSAOwner letter PDF
NHTSA campaign 15V710000 reported Oct 27, 2015 Ford Motor Company the full filing, and every vehicle covered →

These are vehicle campaigns — the ones the automaker filed against this model. NHTSA also records equipment recalls, filed by a parts maker against a component (a tyre, a child seat, an aftermarket part), and those are not listed here or counted above.

NHTSA defect investigations

Power Train:Automatic Transmission — Internal transmission failure closed

By letter dated June 10, 2019, Ford Motor Company notified the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) of a safety defect that may exist in certain model year (MY) 2009 through 2016 Ford Econoline vehicles equipped with a 5R110W transmission. Following the receipt of consumer complaints alleging transmission failures in vehicles built with a 5R110W transmission, NHTSA opened this investigation to assess the manufacturer's data including warranty claims, field reports, design changes, etc. Vehicles equipped with a 5R110W transmission contain a capacitive discharge weld within a coast clutch component in the transmission. A substandard weld may fatigue and fail, causing an elevated rate of loss

Opened Aug 21, 2018 · closed Jul 16, 2019 · action PE18010 · the investigation’s page →

Whether any of this applies to one specific E-Series

A campaign covers a build range, not a model year, so two identical-looking cars from 2016 can differ. Type the VIN and the WhichTrim recall report sets aside the campaigns that name a different engine or drive, and narrows the rest to its build month.

Hear about a recall before the letter does

The manufacturer’s letter is the last step of a recall: it has up to 60 days after filing to mail owners, at the address on the registration. We email you the day NHTSA posts a recall on the 2016 Ford E-Series, with what to do next. Nothing else, ever — no newsletter, no marketing, one-click unsubscribe in every message.

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Parts & accessories for the 2016 Ford E-Series

Search by fitment on eBay Motors — OEM take-offs, aftermarket, and the trim pieces dealers no longer stock. The listing and the price are the seller's.

Find parts for this E-Series →

Owner complaints

Source: NHTSA complaint database
25complaints filed

2 involved a crash · 1 a fire · 1 injuries · 0 deaths reported

Filed per year: 2016: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2025: 1

Most-cited components

Structure 7
Unspecified 3
Service Brakes 3
Tires 2
Vehicle Speed Control 2
Power Train 2

In owners' own words

Filed with NHTSA by the people who own these cars, one per problem area. Quoted as written, with anything identifying removed.

The contact owns a 2016 Ford E-350. The contact stated that while driving at an undisclosed speed, the check engine warning light illuminated. The vehicle was taken to an independent mechanic, who related the failure to Ford Campaign Number:19B40 (Coast Clutch Cylinder and One-Way Clutch Replacement). The vehicle was not repaired.
Power Train at 100,000 miles Aug 3, 2023 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11536278
Driver’s side extended towing mirror (Ford e450 Class C RV) began closing back toward door while on interstate at normal speed. I rolled down window to push it back out, and the arm extension and mirror fell down out of the “elbow joint” basically hanging by the electrical cord. Was able to exit interstate. Could not reinstall it.
Structure Jul 2, 2021 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11423272
The contact rented a 2016 U-Haul E450. The contact stated that while in the parking lot and placing the vehicle in drive, the contact tapped on the accelerator pedal, then when the brakes were applied and the vehicle suddenly accelerated.
Vehicle Speed Control at 141,000 miles Dec 29, 2025 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11707508
Please see details outlined in attached jpg file. This impacts, tires, shock absorber's and rear axle weight capacities
Suspension Jun 10, 2020 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11328206
I purchased this thor motor home from a dealer on 09/06/2019, used our first trip 260 miles both ways I have found a very difficult time on keeping unit on road properly constantly drifting and very fatigued in driving.
Steering at 10,411 miles Sep 29, 2019 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11258842
Vehicle is upfiitted by morgan olson with seats by freedman seating. The pin that holds the seat pedestal to the seat base falls out and the seat falls to its lowest position without warning. This has happened to several of our fleet trucks. The detent ball spring is to weak.
Seats at 2,833 miles Mar 20, 2018 NHTSA owner report · ODI 11080324

Complaint counts are raw owner reports to NHTSA, not verified defects, and scale with how many were sold. Use them to spot patterns, not to rank.

Reported by Ford itself: 1 death-or-injury claim on this model year in its quarterly Early Warning reports to NHTSA (49 CFR 579.21): 1 injured, as claimed, not verified. Every E-Series model year, by year and system → Dated and by system, they are exhibit F of the defect dossier.

When owners reported it

Reported at 4k

miles, typically

Half the 16 owner reports with an odometer reading on file fall between 3,000 and 12,000 miles. That is when problems get reported, which is not the same as when they start — and not a failure rate, because nobody knows how many of these cars never had a problem at all.

Too few readings for a curve — the 16 on file: 9 under 10k, 5 10k–20k, 2 100k–150k.

Odometer readings as filed by owners with NHTSA. Readings under 100 or over 400,000 miles are dropped as data entry rather than history, and a component needs at least 12 readings before a median is shown for it.

Crash ratings

Source: NHTSA NCAP

NHTSA has not published 5-Star crash ratings for this model year.

Service bulletins & campaigns

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications
Communicationsfiled with NHTSA 58
Most recentmanufacturer date 2026-02-24
Kindsas classified by NHTSA 58 service bulletins

Most often about: Electrical System, Power Train, Engine, Equipment, Unknown Or Other.

  • SSM 54601 Service bulletin
    2026-02-24 · Electrical System
  • Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with wired keyless entry keypad systems and accessory wireless keyless entry keypad systems may or may not come with a wallet card containing the master code. Unlike the integrated wired keypad, the accessory wireless keypad master code cannot be retrieved from the vehicle using a diagnostic scan tool or from the label printed on the body control module (BCM). Th
  • SSM 53040 Service bulletin
    2024-10-10 · Unknown Or Other
  • While performing a transmission repair on some 2012-2024 Ford and Lincoln vehicles, a transmission seal kit may be on backorder due to supply chain interruptions.
  • SSM 52476 Service bulletin
    2024-04-24 · Equipment
  • All accessory stick-on keyless entry keypads come with a wallet card containing the master code. If the accessory keypad was factory installed, this card will be placed in the glove box and should be handed to the vehicles owner during initial delivery. Unlike the integrated (wired) factory keypad, the accessory keypad master code cannot be retrieved from the vehicle using a diagnostic scan tool.
  • SSM 52314 Service bulletin
    2024-03-01 · Power Train
  • During service and repair requiring removal and replacement of a crankshaft bolt and/or crankshaft damper, achieving proper torque of the crankshaft pulley bolt is critical. Incorrect torque may allow the bolt to loosen resulting in the timing gear breaking and engine damage. Replacement of the bolt is critical to the repair and accurately following the installation procedure in the Workshop Manua
  • SSM 51854 Service bulletin
    2023-08-10 · Power Train — Automatic Transmission — Control Module (Tcm/Pcm/Tecm)
  • Various 2013-2019 vehicles may exhibit an illuminated malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) with diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P264F after powertrain control module (PCM) replacement. This DTC indicates that the engine serial number (ESN) must be programmed into the PCM. The ESN is located on PTS > Diagnostics tab > HVBoM > Features > Engine Serial Number. Once the ESN is obtained from the historical v
  • SSM 51849 Service bulletin
    2023-08-08 · Power Train — Automatic Transmission — Control Module (Tcm/Pcm/Tecm)
  • Various 2013-2019 vehicles may exhibit an illuminated malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) with diagnostic trouble code (DTC) P264F after powertrain control module (PCM) replacement. This DTC indicates that the engine serial number (ESN) must be programmed into the PCM. The ESN is located on PTS> OASIS> Features> Engine Serial Number. Once the ESN is obtained from the historical vehicle bill of materi
  • SSM 48908 Service bulletin
    2020-06-17 · Equipment
  • Some 2016-2020 Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with a SYNC 3 Touchscreen may experience the volume control unresponsive from the Front Control Interface Module (FCIM) and steering volume controls when using Apple Car Play. When the Apple device is removed, volume control is restored. This is due to a concern with the Waze Navigation App software and Apple iOS version. To correct the condition,
  • SSM 48619 Service bulletin
    2020-03-09 · Electrical System
  • SSM 48619 - Various Vehicles - Perimeter Alarm Armed And Original Vehicle Keys Cannot Be Accessed to Enter Vehicle - CAN Protection Strategy Some 2013-2016 Model Year Vehicles may exhibit a concern in which the Perimeter Alarm is active and the original keys cannot be accessed to disable the perimeter alarm. This concern would most often occur when a customer loses keys and the dealership is at

A service bulletin is the manufacturer telling its dealers how to diagnose or repair a known condition. It is not a recall, not a finding that the vehicle is defective, and the work is not automatically free — though a bulletin is often what a dealer works from when you describe a symptom, so quoting the document number can save a diagnosis. The count is every communication filed; the list shows the most recent, one entry per campaign, because a single campaign is usually filed as several documents on the same day. The summaries are NHTSA's; the full documents come from the manufacturer.

Diagnostic trouble codes on file

Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications and complaints

Codes documented against this model year in the federal record. A code appearing here does not mean this vehicle will set it — it means the code is part of this nameplate-year's documented history.

CodeWhat it meansMost often filed underWhere it appears
P264F
P264F on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train6 bulletins
P0730The gear ratio the transmission achieved is not the one it selected.Power Train4 bulletins
P0751
P0751 on Ford →
Shift solenoid A is not responding — stuck off.Power Train4 bulletins
P2700
P2700 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Power Train4 bulletins
P06A0
P06A0 on Ford →
Manufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Equipment2 bulletins
P161AManufacturer-defined — the meaning is set by the automaker, not the standard.Electrical System · Battery →2 bulletins

Generic codes (the second character is 0 or 2) mean the same thing on every vehicle sold in the United States. Manufacturer-specific codes (1 or 3) mean whatever the automaker assigned, and no honest source can define them for you — which is why the ones here carry the evidence instead of a definition. A code is a link when enough separate federal documents name it across the catalogue to be worth a page of its own; the rest are listed here, where the vehicle is the context that makes them mean something.

Affiliate disclosure: some links on this page are affiliate links. If you request a quote or buy through them we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Nothing on this page changes because of it.

At the New York inspection station

Source: New York State DMV

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 26, 2026, the 2016 Ford E-Series failed the emissions check on 0% of first inspections — lower than the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.9% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%).

New York inspections 0%

failed emissions

412 initial inspections of 400 vehicles.

MeasureThe 2016 E-SeriesEvery 2016 vehicleBehind it
Failed the emissions check0%4.2%348
Failed the safety inspection1.9%2.2%412
Air-bag warning lamp stayed lit0%0.27%412
Miles driven a year5,71210,017odometer at inspection
Average odometer58,887103,402odometer at inspection

New York’s emissions test on these model years is an on-board diagnostics check: it fails a car whose check-engine light is on or whose self-tests have not finished. First inspections only, so a car that failed and came back is counted once; private and special plates, not taxis, livery or commercial plates. A rate appears only where at least 200 inspections stand behind it. “Every 2016 vehicle” is every 2016 model-year car, SUV and pickup inspected in the same window, all makes. This is the state’s record of test results, not a reliability score by itself. Source: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles, Vehicle Inspections (data.ny.gov, Open NY terms).

Common questions about the 2016 E-Series

Source: EPA, NHTSA and manufacturer press kits

Does the 2016 Ford E-Series have any recalls?

NHTSA has posted 7 recall campaigns for the 2016 Ford E-Series. The most serious on file is 19V432000, covering Power Train. Check your own VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls; a recall applies to specific build ranges, not every car.

How safe is the 2016 Ford E-Series?

NHTSA has not published a crash-test rating for the 2016 Ford E-Series yet. On the recall record WhichTrim grades it D (65/100), which measures open and severe recalls rather than crash protection.

What do owners complain about on the 2016 Ford E-Series?

Owners have filed 25 complaints with NHTSA about the 2016 Ford E-Series, most often about structure, unspecified, service brakes. Of those, 2 involved a crash, 1 a fire, 1 reported injuries. Complaints are unverified owner reports, so treat the pattern as a signal and the individual report as an anecdote.

Are there service bulletins for the 2016 Ford E-Series?

The manufacturer has filed 58 service bulletins and related communications with NHTSA for the 2016 Ford E-Series, most often covering electrical system, power train, engine. The most recent is dated 2026-02-24. A bulletin is not a recall: it is the repair procedure a manufacturer sends its dealers for a condition it knows about, and the work is not automatically paid for. It is still worth knowing — if the symptom matches, quoting the bulletin number at the service desk can save a diagnosis. The document numbers and summaries are listed above.

How does the 2016 Ford E-Series do at state inspection?

In New York’s inspection lanes over the 12 months to Oct 26, 2026, the 2016 Ford E-Series failed the emissions check on 0% of first inspections — lower than the 4.2% for every 2016 model-year vehicle inspected; and the safety inspection on 1.9% (every 2016 vehicle: 2.2%). The figures are New York State DMV’s own inspection records, first inspections only, and the table above sets each one against every vehicle of the same model year.

What we hold, and what an empty row means

Paid vehicle-history reports will not tell you the difference between “nothing happened to this car” and “we never received that record” — both of the big two say as much in their own help pages. Most of what is on this page comes from complete federal registers, so we can tell you which is which, row by row.

DataHeldSourceWhat it covers — or what empty means
Fuel economy & configurationsnoneEPA certification recordsThe EPA does not certify vehicles rated over 8,500 lb GVWR, so heavy-duty nameplates have no entry at all.
Emission certificatesnoneEPA emission certificatesThe EPA published no certificate we could match to a configuration on this page.
Recalls7NHTSA recall campaignsA complete federal register: every campaign covering this model year, with severity and advisory flags.
Owner complaints25NHTSA complaint databaseAlso complete, but unverified: these are reports owners filed, not findings. Counts scale with how many were sold.
Crash ratingsnoneNHTSA NCAPNHTSA has not tested this model year. Cars are selected for testing, so untested is not unsafe.
Service bulletins58NHTSA manufacturer communicationsEverything the manufacturer told its dealers about a defect or malfunction, short of a recall.
Investigations1NHTSA Office of Defects InvestigationOpen and closed defect investigations, with the agency's own narrative.
Driver-assist crash reportsnoneNHTSA Standing General Order 2021-01No report has been filed. Only entities named in the order report, and only crashes they hear of — so this is also what an unequipped car, or a manufacturer without telematics, looks like.
Specifications filed with NHTSA7 fieldsNHTSA vPIC, decoded from VIN patternsWhat the manufacturer filed under the federal VIN rule — a configuration, not the full trim ladder.
Trims, pricing & equipmentnoneManufacturer press kitWe have not transcribed a press kit for this model year yet. This is our gap, not the manufacturer's — the one row here where an empty cell means we are behind.

Rebuilt nightly; this page was generated 2026-11-04. Every figure above is traceable to the source named beside it, and the JSON for this page carries the same values with their identifiers.

Sources & method

Safety Signal starts every model-year at 100 and subtracts points per open NHTSA recall campaign by severity: critical 15 (fire risk, park-outside or do-not-drive advisories), high 8 (brakes, steering, airbags, loss of drive power, structure, battery), moderate 6, minor 3 (software, labels, lighting fixed by an update). The most serious recall counts in full and each further one counts 85% of the one before, because a vehicle sold in millions is recalled more often than a rare one without being more dangerous — and because a flat subtraction bottomed the scale out, scoring a vehicle with 22 recalls within a point of one with six. A ≥ 90, B ≥ 80, C ≥ 70, D ≥ 60, otherwise F. Read it as what it counts: recall campaigns on the federal record, weighted by severity. The damping reduces the sales bias by roughly 40% but does not remove it: like our complaint counts, this is not normalized by how many were sold, so a best-seller still scores somewhat worse than an obscure model with the same real risk. NHTSA crash ratings, do-not-drive and park-outside advisories, and the crash, fire, injury and death counts in owner complaints are reported separately on every page and never blended into the letter — a vehicle can hold five stars and a poor letter at once, and where that happens we say so rather than leave you to notice. Because the scale subtracts from a clean sheet, a model year too new to have been recalled, complained about or bulletined scores full marks on an empty record; we label those grades provisional rather than present them as earned.

EPA figures come from fueleconomy.gov vehicle records. Recalls, complaints, investigations and crash ratings come from NHTSA's public flat files, refreshed nightly.

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